The Euthanasia (T-4) Program

Euthanasia" Centers [map]
http://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/t4map.html


The T-4 Euthanasia Program
http://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/t4.html


Nazi Extermination of People with Mental Disabilities
http://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/mental_disabilities.
html

or find the above link on this page:
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/t4toc.html


Nazi Persecution of the Mentally and Physically Disabled
http://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/disabled.html



The Holocaust\Shoah Page (Contains a vast amount of information)

This Holocaust Page is maintained on behalf of millions of victims
of the Nazi Holocaust
May their voice never be silenced

http://www.mtsu.edu/~baustin/holo.html



T-4 Euthanasia Program
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-4_Euthanasia_Program



More Info. on the T-4 Program:
http://www.deathcamps.org/euthanasia/


Category:Holocaust
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Massive amounts of info. here)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Holocaust


Schindler's List
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler%27s_List

Movie poster of Schindler's ListSchindler's List was a 1993 movie,
based on the book Schindler's Ark by Thomas Keneally (later renamed
to Schindler's List itself). The movie, directed by Steven Spielberg,
related the tale of Oskar Schindler, a German entrepreneur who was
instrumental in saving the lives of over one thousand Polish Jews
during the Holocaust. The movie is named after a list of names of the
1,200 Jews that Schindler hired to work in his factory and kept from
being sent to concentration camps.

Contents [showhide]
1 Plot Summary

1.1 The German Army Invades Poland
1.2 Schindler's Factory
1.3 The Razing of the Ghetto
1.4 The List
1.5 The Coda


2 The Movie

3 Credits

4 See also

5 External links

Plot Summary
Spoiler warning: Plot or ending details follow.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler%27s_List


Category:Genocides
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Genocides




Nazi human experimentation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation

During World War II, the Nazi regime in Germany conducted human
medical experimentation on large numbers of people held in its
concentration camps.

At Auschwitz concentration camp, Josef Mengele carried out medical
experiments.

Mengele's experimentation included placing subjects in pressure
chambers, testing various drugs on them, freezing them to death, and
various other usually fatal traumas. Of particular interest to
Mengele were twins; beginning in 1944, twins were selected and placed
in special barracks. Almost all of Mengele's experiments were of
dubious scientific value, including attempts to change eye color by
injecting chemicals into children's eyes, various amputations and
other brutal surgeries, and in at least one case attempting to create
artificial "siamese twins" by sewing the veins in two twins together;
this operation was not successful and only caused the hands of the
children to become badly infected.

The full extent of his work will never be known because the two
truckloads of records he sent to Dr. Otmar Von Verschuer at the
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute were destroyed by the latter. Subjects of
Mengele's experiments were almost always murdered afterward for
dissection, assuming they survived the experiment itself.

Whilst Mengele was the most notorious of the Nazi doctors, his
behavior was not an isolated aberration, as many other medical
experiments were also carried out at other concentration camps,
including Dachau concentration camp, Buchenwald, Ravensbrück,
Sachsenhausen, and Natzweiler concentration camps.

According to the indictment at the Nuremberg trials, these
experiments included:

High altitude experiments. In early 1942 prisoners at Dachau
concentration camp were tortured so the Nazi Air Force (Luftwaffe)
could find out the capacity of the human body to endure and survive
high altitude. A low-pressure chamber was used where conditions at
altitudes of up to 68,000 feet could be duplicated. Victims of the
experiments were forced to suffer these simulated altitudes within
the chamber. Many suffered death or serious injury as well as severe
pain.
Freezing experiments. Later in 1942 prisoners at Dachau concentration
camp suffered experiments so the Luftwaffe could learn how to treat
hypothermia. One set of experiments forced victims to endure a tank
of ice water, sometimes for as long as 3 hours. Victims rapidly
developed extreme rigor. Unsurprisingly many of these unfortunate
victims died. Nazi experimenters assessed different ways of rewarming
survivors. Other prisoners at Dachau concentration camp screamed with
pain when they were forced to remain naked in the open for several
hours with temperatures below freezing.

Malaria experiments. From about February 1942 to about April 1945
experiments were conducted at the Dachau concentration camp in order
to investigate immunization for and treatment of malaria. Healthy
concentration-camp inmates were infected by mosquitoes or by
injections of extracts of the mucous glands of mosquitoes. After
having contracted malaria the subjects were treated with various
drugs to test their relative efficacy. Over 1,000 involuntary
subjects were used in these experiments. Many of the victims died and
others suffered severe pain and permanent disability.

LOST (mustard) gas experiments. At various times between September
1939 and April 1945 experiments were conducted at Sachsenhausen,
Natzweiler, and other concentration camps for the benefit of the
German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht) to investigate the most effective
treatment of wounds caused by LOST gas, a poison commonly known as
mustard gas. Wounds deliberately inflicted on the subjects were
infected with LOST. Some of the subjects died as a result of these
experiments and others suffered intense pain and injury.

Sulfonamide experiments. From about July 1942 to about September 1943
experiments to investigate the effectiveness of sulfonamide were
conducted at the Ravensbrück concentration camp for the benefit of
the German Armed Forces. Wounds deliberately inflicted on the
experimental subjects were infected with bacteria such as
streptococcus, gas gangrene, and tetanus. Circulation of blood was
interrupted by tying off blood vessels at both ends of the wound to
create a condition similar to that of a battlefield wound. Infection
was aggravated by forcing wood shavings and ground glass into the
wounds. The infection was treated with sulfonamide and other drugs to
determine their effectiveness. Some subjects died as a result of
these experiments and others suffered serious injury and intense
agony.

Bone, muscle, and nerve regeneration and bone transplantation
experiments. From about September 1942 to about December 1943
experiments were conducted at the Ravensbrück concentration camp, for
the benefit of the German Armed Forces, to study bone, muscle, and
nerve regeneration, and bone transplantation from one person to
another. Sections of bones, muscles, and nerves were removed from the
subjects. As a result of these operations, many victims suffered
intense agony, mutilation, and permanent disability.

Sea water experiments. From about July 1944 to about September 1944
experiments were conducted at the Dachau concentration camp, for the
benefit of the German Air Force and Navy, to study various methods of
making sea water drinkable. The subjects were deprived of all food
and given only chemically processed sea water. Such experiments
caused great pain and suffering and resulted in serious bodily injury
to the victims.

Epidemic jaundice experiments. From about June 1943 to about January
1945 experiments were conducted at the Sachsenhausen and Natzweiler
concentration camps, for the benefit of the German Armed Forces, to
investigate the causes of, and inoculations against, epidemic
jaundice. Experimental subjects were deliberately infected with
epidemic jaundice, some of whom died as a result, and others were
caused great pain and suffering.

Sterilization experiments. From about March 1941 to about January
1945 sterilization experiments were conducted at the Auschwitz and
Ravensbrück concentration camps, and other places. The purpose of
these experiments was to develop a method of sterilization which
would be suitable for sterilizing millions of people with a minimum
of time and effort. These experiments were conducted by means of X-
ray, surgery, and various drugs. Thousands of victims were sterilized
and thereby suffered great mental and physical anguish. (Aside from
its experimentation, the Nazi government sterilized around 400,000
individuals as part of its compulsory sterilization program)
Spotted fever (Fleckfieber) experiments. [It was definitely
ascertained in the course of the proceedings, by both prosecution and
defense, that the correct translation of Fleckfieber is "typhus". A
finding to this effect is contained in the judgment. A similar
initial inadequate translation occurred in the case of typhus and
paratyphus which should be rendered as typhoid and paratyphoid.] From
about December 1941 to about February 1945 experiments were conducted
at the Buchenwald and Natzweiler concentration camps, for the benefit
of the German Armed Forces, to investigate the effectiveness of
spotted fever and other vaccines. At Buchenwald numerous healthy
inmates were deliberately infected with spotted fever virus in order
to keep the virus alive; over 90 percent of the victims died as a
result. Other healthy inmates were used to determine the
effectiveness of different spotted fever vaccines and of various
chemical substances. In the course of these experiments 75 percent of
the selected number of inmates were vaccinated with one of the
vaccines or nourished with one of the chemical substances and, after
a period of 3 to 4 weeks, were infected with spotted fever germs. The
remaining 25 percent were infected without any previous protection in
order to compare the effectiveness of the vaccines and the chemical
substances. As a result, hundreds of the persons experimented upon
died. Experiments with yellow fever, smallpox, typhus, paratyphus A
and B, cholera, and diphtheria were also conducted. Similar
experiments with like results were conducted at Natzweiler
concentration camp.

Experiments with poison. In or about December 1943, and in or about
October 1944, experiments were conducted at the Buchenwald
concentration camp to investigate the effect of various poisons upon
human beings. The poisons were secretly administered to experimental
subjects in their food. The victims died as a result of the poison or
were killed immediately in order to permit autopsies. In or about
September 1944 experimental subjects were shot with poison bullets
and suffered torture and death.

Incendiary bomb experiments. From about November 1943 to about
January 1944 experiments were conducted at the Buchenwald
concentration camp to test the effect of various pharmaceutical
preparations on phosphorus burns. These burns were inflicted on
experimental subjects with phosphorus matter taken from incendiary
bombs, and caused severe pain, suffering, and serious bodily injury.
After the war, these crimes were tried at what became known as the
Doctors' Trial, and revulsion at the abuses perpetrated led to the
development of the Nuremberg Code of medical ethics.

Although the Nuremberg Code was widely adopted as a fundamental
principle for medical ethics, it failed to stop other abuses such as
the U.S. Tuskegee syphilis study, which had existed at the same time
as Mengele's experiments, yet continued until 1972.


References
The public domain official trial record: Trials of War Criminals
before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No.
10. Nuremberg, October 1946-April 1949. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O,
1949-1953, referenced online at
http://www.ushmm.org/research/doctors/indiptx.htm
6 February 2004.


Categories: Nazi Germany | Holocaust | International criminal law |
Science experiments

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation


Josef Mengele
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Josef MengeleDr. Josef Mengele (March 16, 1911–February 7, 1979) was
a Nazi doctor who performed experiments on prisoners in Auschwitz
which were condemned as murderously sadistic and participated in the
selections of people to be sent to the gas chambers.

Mengele's nickname was Beppo; he also became known as the Angel of
Death.

Mengele was the eldest of three sons of Karl Mengele (1881–1959) and
his wife Walburga (d.1946), well-to-do Bavarian industrialists. His
younger brothers were Karl Mengele (1912–1949) and Alois Mengele
(1914–1974). Josef studied medicine and anthropology at the
University of Munich, the University of Vienna and the University of
Bonn. At Munich he obtained a doctorate in Anthropology (Ph.D.) with
a dissertation in 1935 on racial differences in the structure of the
lower jaw, supervised by Prof. Theodor Mollison. After his exams he
went to Frankfurt, working as an assistant to Otmar von Verschuer at
the Frankfurt University Institute of Hereditary Biology and Racial
Hygiene. In 1938 he obtained a doctorate in medicine with a
dissertation on "Clan examinations at lip-jaw-palate-cleft."

In 1932, at the age of 21, Mengele joined the Stahlhelm, Bund der
Frontsoldaten (Steel Helmet, League of Front Soldiers); this
organisation was incorporated into the SA in 1933, but Mengele
resigned shortly thereafter, alluding to health-problems. He applied
for Nazi party membership in 1937 and in 1938 he joined the SS. 1938–
1939 he served six months with a specially trained mountain light-
infantry regiment. In 1940 he was placed in the reserve medical
corps, following which he served three years with a Waffen-SS unit.
In 1942 he was wounded at the Russian front and was pronounced
medically unfit for combat. Because he had acquitted himself
brilliantly in the face of the enemy during the Eastern Campaign, he
was promoted to the rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer (Captain). His next
assignment was Auschwitz, where he replaced another doctor who had
fallen ill. On May 24, 1943 he became medical officer of the so-
called Gipsy Camp, a part of Auschwitz-Birkenau (see Auschwitz
concentration camp). In August 1944, this camp was liquidated and all
its inmates gassed. Subsequently Mengele became Chief Medical Officer
of the main infirmary camp at Birkenau. He was not, though, the Chief
Medical Officer of Auschwitz - superior to him was SS-Standortarzt
(garrison physician) Eduard Wirths.

It was during his 21-month stay at Auschwitz that Dr. Mengele
achieved infamy, gaining the nickname "Angel of Death." When rail-
cars filled with prisoners arrived in Auschwitz II Birkenau, along
with other doctors Mengele would frequently be waiting on the
platform to select which of them would be retained for work and
experimentation and which would be sent immediately to the gas
chambers.

Of particular interest to Mengele were twins; beginning in 1943,
twins were selected and placed in special barracks. Almost all of
Mengele's experiments were of dubious scientific value, ignoring the
lack of ethics involved, including attempts to change eye color by
injecting chemicals into children's eyes, various amputations and
other brutal surgeries, and in at least one case attempting to create
an artificial "Siamese twin" by sewing the vein in two twins
together; this operation was not successful and only caused the hands
of the children to become badly infected. Subjects of Mengele's
experiments were almost always murdered afterward for dissection,
assuming they survived the experiment itself.

Josef Mengele left Auschwitz and went to Gross-Rosen concentration
camp. In April 1945, he fled westward disguised as a member of the
regular German infantry. He was captured as a POW and held near
Nuremberg. He was released by the Allies, who had no idea that he was
in their midst. After hiding as a farm laborer in Upper Bavaria,
Mengele departed for Argentina in 1949, where many other fleeing Nazi
officials had also sought refuge. Mengele divorced his wife Irene,
and in 1958 married his brother Karl's widow, Martha, and she and her
son moved to Argentina to join Mengele. Both returned to Europe only
a few years later.

His family at home backed him financially and he prospered in the
1950s, first operating a toy-workshop and later was an associate in a
small pharmaceutical enterprise. After this short period, however,
Mengele lived rather poorly. In 1959 he went to Paraguay, since 1960
he lived in Brazil until his death in 1979, when he suffered a stroke
while swimming in the ocean and drowned.

Despite international efforts to track him down, he was never
apprehended and lived for 35 years hiding under various aliases.
Adolf Eichmann's capture and trial by Israel prompted Mengele's fears
and frequent movements, and the Mossad tracked him for a time, but
Israel's efforts were directed towards normalizing relations with
Paraguay and fighting enemies closer to home. He was not tracked down
by Nazi hunters until 1985, when his body was found and identified
after a combined effort of American, German and South American
authorities. In 1992, DNA tests confirmed his identity.

Mengele has also been a literary and movie character, featuring
prominently in The Boys from Brazil and Marathon Man. He was the
subject matter of the song Angel of Death, the opening track on
Slayer's 1986 album, Reign in Blood.

See also
Nazi human experimentation
External links
A detailed profile in the Crime Library
http:www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/history/mengele/index_1.htm
A timeline of his life
http://history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/blmengele.htm
Chicago Tribune Magazine: "How Nazi war criminal Josef Mengele
cheated justice for 34 years"
http://www.posner.com/articles/mengele.htm by Gerald Posner and John
Ware


Categories: 1911 births | 1979 deaths | Holocaust | Nazi leaders | SS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mengele


Human experimentation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Medical experimentation on unconsenting people
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_experimentation


Project MKULTRA
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA

(Redirected from MKULTRA)
Project MKULTRA (also known as MK-ULTRA) was the code name for a CIA
mind control research program lasting from the 1950s through the
1970s. Starting from 1964, the project was renamed to MKSEARCH. The
project's goal was to produce a perfect truth drug for use in
interrogating suspected Soviet spies during the Cold War, and
generally to explore any other possibilities of mind control.
Experiments were often conducted without the subjects' knowledge or
consent. The project was headed by Dr. Sidney Gottlieb.

Contents [showhide]
1 Origins

2 The experiments

2.1 Budget
2.2 Canadian experiments


3 Revelation

4 Legal issues involving informed consent

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA