Cont of truncated MSG:


>
> 22. Owens, J. and Haley, B. Mechanism of MgATP Regulation of
Membrane
> Bound Type I cAMP Activated Protein Kinase. Transmembrane
Signaling.
> Alan R. Liss, Inc. New York, New York, pp. 149-160 (1979).
>
> 23. Forrester, I.T., P.K. Schoff, B.E. Haley and R.G. Atherton.
> Determination of Protein Kinase Activity in Intact Mammalian Sperm.
> J. of Andrology 1, 70 (1980).
>
> 24. Briggs, F. Norman, Al-Jumaily, Walid and Haley, Boyd.
> Photoaffinity Labeling of the (Ca+Mg) ATPase of Skeletal and
Cardiac
> Sarcoplasmic Reticulum with [32P-]-8-Azido ATP. Cell Calcium 1, 205-
> 215 (1980).
>
> 25. Hoyer, P., Owens, J.R. and Haley, B.E. Use of Nucleotide
> Photoaffinity Probes to Elucidate Molecular Mechanisms of
Nucleotide
> Regulated Phenomena. Annals of New York Academy of Science 346, 280-
> 301 (1980).
>
> 26. Takemoto, D.J., B.E. Haley, J. Hanse, P. Pinbett and L.J.
> Takemoto. GTPase from Rod Outer Segments: Characterization by
> Photoaffinity Labeling and Tryptic Peptide Mapping. Biochem.
Biophys.
> Res. Commun. 102, 341-347 (1981).
>
> 27. Leichtling, B.H., Coffman, D.S., Yaeger, E.S., Rickenberg,
H.V.,
> Al-Jumaily, W. and Haley, B.E. Occurrence of the Adenylate
Cyclase "G-
> Protein" in Membranes of Dictyostelium discoidium, Biochem.
Biophys.
> Res. Commun. 102, 1187-1195 (1981).
>
> 28. Schoff, P.K., Forester, I.T., Haley, B.E. and Atherton, R. A
> Study of cAMP Binding Proteins on Intact and Distrupted Sperm Cells
> Using 8-Azidoadenosine-3', 5'-Cyclic Monophosphate. J. Supra.
> Molecular Structure 19, 1-15 (1982).
>
> 29. King, M.M., Carlson, G. and Haley, B.E. Photoaffinity-Labeling
of
> the Subunit of Phosphorylase Kinase by 8-Azidoadenosine-5'-
> Triphosphate and its 2', 3' -Dialdehyde Derivative. J. Biol. Chem.
> 257, 14058-14065 (1982).
>
> 30. Potter, R. and Haley, B.E. Photoaffinity Labeling of Nucleotide
> Binding Sites with 8-Azidopurine Analogs. Meth. Enzymol. 91, 613-
633
> (1982).
>
> 31. Hoyer, P.B. and Haley, B.E. Utilization of Nucleotide
> Photoaffinity Probes to Study Protein-Nucleotide Interactions in
Cell
> Fractions. J. Cellular Biochemistry, submitted. (1983)
>
> 32. Haley, Boyd. Development and Utilization of 8-Azidopurine
> Nucleotide Photoaffinity Probes. Federation Proceedings 42, 2831-
2836
> (1983).
>
> 33. Khatoon, S., Atherton, R. Al-Jumaily, W. and Haley, B.E. Use of
> Nucleotide Photoaffinity Probes to Study Hormone Action. Biology of
> Reproduction 28, 61-73 (1983).
>
> 34. Kaiser, I.I., Kladianos, D.M., Van Kirk, E.A., and Haley, B.E.
> Photoaffinity Labeling of catechol-o-methyltransferase with 8'-
Azido-
> S-adenosylmethionine. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 1747-1751 (1983).
>
> 35. Abraham, K., Haley, B. and Modak, M. Biochemistry of Terminal
> Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase: 8-Azido ATP as A Substrate Binding
Site-
> Directed Photoaffinity Labeling Prob. Biochemistry 22, 4197-4203
> (1983).
>
> 36. Haley, B.E., Ponstingl, H. and Doenges, K.H. Photoaffinity
> Labeling of Pure Tubulin Using 8-Azidoguanosine triphosphate at the
b-
> Subunit. Hoppe-Seylers J. Physiol. Chem. 364, 1137 (1983).
>
> 37. Woody, A.M., Vader, C.R., Woody, R.W. and Haley, B.E.
> Photoaffinity Labeling of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from E. coli
> with 8-azidoadenosine-5'-triphosphate. Biochemistry 23, 2843-2848
> (1984).
>
> 38. Owens, J.R. and Haley, B.E. Synthesis and Utilization of [5'-
32P]-
> 8-Azidoguanosine-3'-phosphate-5'-phosphate: Photoaffinity Studies
on
> Cytosolic Proteins of E. coli. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 14843-14848
> (1984).
>
> 39. Pfister, K.K. , Haley, B.E. and Witman, G.B. The Photoaffinity
> Probe 8-azidoadenosine-5'-triphosphate. Selectivity Labels the
Heavy
> Chain of Chlamydomonas 12S Dynein. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 8499-8504
> (1984).
>
> 40. Atherton, R.W., Khatoon, S., Schoff, P.K. and Haley, B.E. A
Study
> of Rat Epididymal Sperm Adenosine-3', 5'-monophosphate-dependent
> Protein Kinase: Maturation Differences and Cellular Location. Biol.
> of Reproduction 32, 155-172 (1985).
>
> 41. McMurray, M.M., Hansen, J.S., Haley, B.E., Takemoto, D.J. and
> Takemoto, L.J. Interspecies Conservation of Retinal Guanosine-5'-
> triphosphatase: Characterization by Photoaffinity Labeling and
> Tryptic Peptide Mapping. Biochemical Journal 225, 227-232 (1985).
>
> 42. Khatoon, S., Haley, B.E. and Atherton, R.W. A Comparative
> Analysis of cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Regulatory Subunits in
Sea
> Urchin and Rat Sperm. J. Andrology 6, 251-260 (1985).
>
> 43. DeBortoli, M.E., Issa, H.A., Haley, B.E. and Cho-Chung, Y.S.
> Elevated Levels of p2l ras Protein in Hormone-Dependent Mammary
> Carcinomas of Humans and Rodents. Bioch. Biophys. Res. Commun. 127,
> 699-709 (1985).
>
> 44. Evans, R., Haley, B. and Roth, D. Photoaffinity Labeling of a
> Viral Induced Protein from Tobacco. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 7800-7804
> (1985).
>
> 45. Nunamaker, R.A., Wilson, W.T. and Haley, B.E. Electrophoretic
> Detection of Africanized Honey Bees (Apis mellifera scutellata) in
> Guatemala and Mexico Based on Malate Dehydrogenase Allozyme
Patterns.
> Journal of the Entomological Society 57, 622-631 (1985).
>
> 46. Pfister, K.K., Haley, B.E. and Witman, G.B. Labeling of
> Chlamydomonas 18S Dynein Polypeptides by 8-Azidoadenosine 5'-
> Triphosphate, a Photoaffinity Analog of ATP. J. Biol. Chem. 260,
> 12844-12850 (1985).
>
> 47. Hoyer, P.B., Fletcher, P. and Haley, B.E. Synthesis of 2', 3'-0-
> (2,4,6,-trinitrocyclohexadienylidine) guanosine 5'-Triphosphate and
> study of its Inhibitory Properties with Adenylate Cyclase. Arch.
> Biochem. Biophys. 245, 368-378 (1986).
>
> 48. Evans, R.K., Johnson, J.D. and Haley, B.E. 5'-Azido-2'-
> deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate: A Novel Photoaffinity Labeling
Reagent
> and Tool for the Enzymatic Synthesis of Photoactive DNA. Proc.
Natl.
> Acad. Sci. USA. 83, pp. 5382-5386 (1986).
>
> 49. Jeganathan, A., Richardson, S.K., Mani, R.S., Haley, B.E. and
> Watt, D.S. Selective Reactions of Azide-substituted a-Diazoamides
> with Olefins and Alcohols Using Rhodium (II) Catalysts. J. Org.
Chem.
> 51, 5362-5367 (1986).
>
> 50. Malkinson, A.M., Haley, B.E., Macintyre, B.E. and Buthy, M.S.
> Changes in Pulmonary Adenosine Triphosphate Binding Proteins
Detected
> by Nucleotide Photoaffinity Labeling Following Treatment of Mice
with
> the Tumor-Modulatory Agent Butylated Hydroxytoluene. Cancer Res.
46,
> 4626-4630 (1986).
>
> 51. Evans, R.K. and Haley, B.E. Synthesis and Biological Properties
> of 5-Azido-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate: A Photoactive
Nucleotide
> Suitable for Making Light Sensitive DNA. Biochemistry 26, 269-276
> (1987).
>
> 52. Richardson, S.K., Jeganathan, A., Mani, R.S., Haley, B.E. and
> Watt, D.S. Synthesis and Biological Activity of C-4 and C-15 Aryl
> Azide Derivatives of Anguidine. Tetrahedron Letters 43, 2925 (1987).
>
> 53. Droms, K.A., Haley, B.E. and Malkinson, A.M. Decreased
> Incorporation of the Photoaffinity Probe [g3232P]-8N3 GTP into a
45KD
> Protein in Lung Tumors. Bioch. Biophys. Res. Commun. 144, 591-597
> (1987).
>
> 54. Karpel, R.L., Levin, V.Y. and Haley, B.E. Photoaffinity
Labeling
> of T4 Bacteriophage 32Protein. J.Biol.Chem. 262, 9359-66 (1987).
>
> 55. Suhadolnik, R.J., Li, Shi Wu, Sobol, Jr. R.W., and Haley, B.E.
2-
> and 8-Azido Photoaffinity Probes. II. Studies on the Binding
Process
> of 2-5A Synthetase. Biochemistry 27, 8846-8851 (1988).
>
> 56. Suhadolnik, R.J., Kariko, K., Sobol, Jr., R.W., Shi Wu,
> Richenbach, N.L. and Haley, B.E. 2- and 8-Azido Photoaffinity
Probes.
> I. Enzymatic Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Properties
of
> 2- and 8-Azido Photoprobes of 2-5A & Photolabeling of 2-5A Binding
> Proteins. Biochemistry 27, 8840-8846 (1988).
>
> 57. Droms, K.A., Haley, B.E., Smith, G.J. and Malkinson, A.M.
> Decreased Photolabeling of Gsa With [a-32P]8N3-GTP in Tumorigenic
> Lung Epithelial Cell Lines: Association with Decreased Hormone
> Responsiveness and Loss of Contact-Inhibited Growth. Experimental
> Cell Research 182, 330-339 (1989).
>
> 58. Francis, B., Overmeyer, J., John, W., Marshall, E. and Haley,
B.
> Prevalence of Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase Autophosphorylation in
> Human Colon Carcinoma versus Normal Colon Homogenates. Molecular
> Carcinogenesis 2, 168-178 (1989).
>
> 59. King, S.M., Haley, B.E. and Witman, G.B. Structure of the a and
b
> Heavy Chains of the Outer Arm Dynein from Chlamydomonas Flagella.
J.
> Biol. Chem. 264, 10210-10218 (1989).
>
> 60. Khatoon, S., Campbell, S.R., Haley, B.E. and Slevin, J.T.
> Aberrant GTP b-Tubulin Interaction in Alzheimer's Disease. Annals
of
> Neurology 26, 210-215 (1989).
>
> 61. Lawson, S.G., Mason, T.L., Sabin, R.D., Sloan, M.E., Drake,
R.R.,
> Haley, B.E. and Wasserman, B.P. UDP-Glucose: (1,3)-B-Glucan
Synthase
> from Daucas carota L.: Characterization, Photoaffinity Labeling and
> Solubilization. Journal of Plant Physiology 90, 101-108 (1989).
>
> 62. Lewis, C.T., Haley, B.E. and Carlson, G.M. Formation of an
> Intramolecular Cystine Disulfide During the Reaction of 8-Azido-GTP
> with Cytosolic Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) Causes
> Inactivation without Photolabeling. Biochemistry 28, 9248-9255
(1989).
>
> 63. Ho, L.T., Nie, Z.M., Mende, T.J., Richardson, S., Chavan, A.,
> Kolaczkowska, E., Watt, D.S., Haley, B.E. and Ho, R.J. Modification
> of Adenylate Cyclase by Photoaffinity Analogs of Forskolin. J.
Second
> Messengers and Phosphoproteins 12, 209-223 (1989).
>
> 64. Wasserman, B.P., Read, S.M., Frost, D.J., Mason, T.L., Drake,
> R.R. and Haley, B.E. Potential use of Affinity Labels in Subunit
> Identification Studies of (1,3)-b-Glucan Synthase. J.Applied
Polymer
> Science Symposium (Proceeding of the Tenth Cellulose Conference,
> Syracuse, NY). C. Schuerch and T. Timell, Eds. 43, 827-837 (1989).
>
> 65. Drake, R.R., Evans, R.K., Wolf, M.J. and Haley, B.E. Synthesis
> and Properties of 5-Azido-UDP-Glucose: Development of Photoaffinity
> Probes for Nucleotide Diphosphate Sugar Binding Sites. J. Biol.
Chem.
> 264, 11928-11933 (1989).
>
> 66. Dholakia, J.N., Francis, B.R., Haley, B.E. and Wahba, A.
> Photoaffinity Labeling of the Rabbit Reticulocyte Guanine
Nucleotide
> Exchange Factor and Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 with 8-
Azidopurine
> Nucleotides. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 20638-20642 (1989).
>
> 67. Campbell,S., Kim, H., Doukas, M. and Haley, B. Photoaffinity
> Labeling of ATP and NAD+ Binding Sites on Recombinant Human
> Interleukin-2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87, 1243-1246 (1990).
>
> 68. Kim, H. and Haley, B. Synthesis and Properties of 2-Azido-NAD+:
A
> Study of Interactions with Glutamate Dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem.
> 265, 3636-3641 (1990).
>
> 69. Drake, R., Palamarczyk, G., Haley, B. and Lennarz, W.J.
Evidence
> for the Involvement of a 35-kDa Membrane Protein in the Synthesis
of
> Glucosylphosphoryldolichol. Bioscience Reports 10, 61-68 (1990).
>
> 70. Marchase, R.B., Richardson, K.L., Srisomsap, C., Drake, R. and
> Haley, B.E. Resolution of Phosphoglucomutase and the 62 kDa
Acceptor
> for the Glucosylphosphotransferase. Arch. Biochim. Biophys. 280,
122-
> 129. (1990).
>
> 71. Salvucci, M.E. and Haley, B.E. Photoaffinity Labeling of
Ribulose
> Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase With 8-Azidoadenosine 5'-
> Triphosphate. Planta 181, 287-295 (1990).
>
> 72. Salvucci, M.E., Drake, R., Broadbent, K.P., Haley, B.E.,
Hanson,
> K.R. and McHale, N.A. Identification of the 64 Kilodalton
Chloroplast
> Stromal Phosphoprotein as Phosphoglucomutase. Plant Physiology 93,
> 105-109 (1990).
>
> 73. Frost, D.J., Read, S.M., Drake, R., Haley, B.E. and Wasserman,
> B.P. Identification of the UDPG Binding Polypeptide of (1,3)-b-
Glucan
> Synthase From A Higher Plant by Photoaffinity Labeling with 5-
> AzidoUDP-Glucose. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 2162-2167 (1990).
>
> 74. Lin, F.C., Brown, R.M. Jr., Drake, R.R. and Haley, B.E.
> Characterization of Cellulose Synthase Catalytic Subunit of
> Acetobacter xylinum Using 5-Azido-UDP-glc, A Photoaffinity Probe.
J.
> Biol. Chem. 265, 4782-4784 (1990).
>
> 75. Salvucci, M.E., Drake, R.R., and Haley, B.E. Purification and
> Photoaffinity Labeling of Sucrose Phosphate Synthase from Spinach
> Leaves. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 281, 212-218 (1990).
>
> 76. Chavan, A.J., Kim, H., Haley, B.E., and Watt, D.S. A
Photoactive
> Phosphonamide Derivative of GTP for the Identification of the GTP
> Binding Domain of b-Tubulin. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 1, No. 5, 337-
> 344 (1990).
>
> 77. Kwiatkowski, S., Crocker, P.J., Chavan, A.J., Nobuyuki, I.,
> Haley, B.E. and Watt, D.S. Thiazolidine and Thiazoline Derivatives
of
> 3-Aryl 3-Trifluormethyl Diazirines for the Preparation of
Fluorescent
> or 35S-Radiolabeled Photoaffinity Probes. Tetrahedron Lett, 31,
2093-
> 2096 (1990).
>
> 78. Palamarczyk, G., Drake, R., Haley, B. and Lennarz, W.J.
Evidence
> that the Synthesis of Glucosylphosphoryl Dolichol in Yeast Involves
a
> 35 kDa Membrane Protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87, 2666-2670
(1990).
>
> 79. King, S., Kim, H., and Haley, B. Strategies and Reagents for
> Photoaffinity Labeling of Mechanochemical Proteins. Meth. Enzymol.
> 196, 449-466 (1991).
>
> 80. Kim, H. and Haley, B. Identification of Peptides in the Adenine
> Ring Binding Domain of Glutamate and Lactate Dehydrogenase Using 2-
> AzidoNAD+. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2, 1142-147 (1991).
>
> 81. Mann, D., Haley, B., and Greenberg, R. Photoaffinity Labeling
of
> Atrial Natriurtic Factor Analog Atriopeptin III woith [g32P]8N3GTP.
> Peptide Research 4, #2, 79-83 (1991).
>
> 82. Drake, R.R., Zimniak, P., Haley, B.E., Lester, R., Elbein, A.D.
> and Radominska, A. Synthesis and Characterization of5-Azido-UDP-
> Glucuronic Acid. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 23257-23260 (1991).
>
> 83. Drake, R.R., Zimniak, P., Haley, B.E., Lester, R., Elbein, A.D.
> and Radominska, A. Synthesis and Characterization of5-Azido-UDP-
> Glucuronic Acid. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 23257-23260 (1991).
>
> 84. Hiestand, D., Haley, B., and Kindy, M. Role of Calcium
> inInactivation of Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase II
> After Cerebral Ischemia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 113,
> 31-37 (1992).
>
> 85. Salvucci, M., Chavan, A. and Haley, B. Identification of
Peptides
> for the Adenine Binding Domains of ATP and AMP in Adenylate Kinase:
> Isolation of Photoaffinity Labeled Peptides by Metal Chelate
> Chromatography. Biochemistry 31 4479-4487 (1992).
>
> 86. Shoemaker, M., Lin, P.C., and Haley, B. Identification of the
> Guanine Binding Domain Peptide of the GTP Binding Site of Glucagon.
> Protein Science 1, 884-891 (1992).
>
> 87. Doukas, M., Chavan, A., Gass, C., Boone, T. and Haley, B.
> Identification and charaterization of a Nucleotide Binding Site on
> Recombinant Murine Granulocyte/Macrophage-Colony Stimulating
Factor.
> Bioconjugate Chemistry 3, 484-492 (1992).
>
> 88. Segal, A., West, I., Wientjes, F., Nugent, J., Chavan, A.,
Haley,
> B., Garcia, R., Rosen, H. and Scrace, G. Cytochrome b-245 is a
> Flavocytochrome Containing FAD and the NADPH Binding Site of the
> Microbicidal Oxidase of Phagocytes. Biochem. J. 284, 781-788 (1992).
>
> 89. Hammond, D., Haley, B. and Lesnaw, J. Identification and
> Characterization of Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase
ActivityIntrinsic
> to the L Protein of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus New Jersey. Journal
of
> General Virology 73, 67-75 (1992)
>
> 90. Chavan, A., Nemoto, Y., Narumiya, S., Kozaki, S., and Haley, B.
> NAD+ Binding Site of Clostridium botulinum C3 ADP-
ribosyltransferase:
> Identification of Peptide in the Adenine Ring Binding Domain using
2-
> Azido NAD+. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 14866-14870 (1992).
>
> 91. Gunnersen, D.J. and Haley, B.E. Detection of Glutamine
Synthetase
> in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Alzheimer's Diseased Patients: A
> Potential Diagnostic Biochemical Marker. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA,
> 89 pp. 11949-11953 (1992).
>
> 92. Shoemaker, M., and Haley, B. Identification of a Guanine
Binding
> Domain Peptide of the GTP Binding Site of Glutamate Dehydrogenase:
> Isolation with Metal-Chelate Affinity Chromatography. Biochemistry
> 32, 1883-1890 (1993).
>
> 93. Churn, S.B., Sankaran, B., Haley, B.E. and Delorenzo, R.J.
> Ischemic Brain Injury Selectively Alters ATP Binding of Calcium and
> Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase-II. Biochem. Biophys. Res.
Comm.
> 193:3, 934-940 (1993).
>
> 94. Salvucci, M., Rajagopalan, K., Sievert, G., Haley, B. and Watt,
> D. Photoaffinity Labeling of Rubisco Activase with ATP-g-
> benzophenone: Identification of the ATP g-Phosphate Binding Domain
J.
> Biol. Chem. 268, 14239-14244 (1993).
>
> 95. Rajagopalan, K., Chavan, A., Haley, B. and Watt, D. Bidentate
> Cross-Linking Reagents: Non-Hydrolyzable Nucleotide Photoaffinity
> Probes with Two Photoactive Groups J. Biol. Chem. 268, 14245-14253
> (1993).
>
> 96. Trad, C., Chavan, A., Clemens, J., and Haley, B. Identification
> and Characterization of an NADH Binding Site of Prolactin with 2-
> Azido-NAD+ Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 304, 58-64 (1993).
>
> 97. Chavan, A., Ensor, C., Wu, P., Haley, B. and Tai, H.
> Photoaffinity Labeling of Human Placental NAD+-Linked 15-
> Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase with [a32P]-2N3NAD+:
> Identification of a Peptide in the Adenine Ring Binding Domain J.
> Biol. Chem. 268, 16437-16442 (1993).
>
> 98. Chavan, A., Richardson, S., Kim, H., Haley, B. and Watt, D.
> Forskolin Photoaffinity Probes for the Evaluation of Tubulin
Binding
> Sites Bioconjugate Chem. 4, 268-274 (1993).
>
> 99. Duhr, E.F., Pendergrass, J. C., Slevin, J.T., and Haley, B.
> HgEDTA Complex Inhibits GTP Interactions With The E-Site of Brain b-
> Tubulin Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 122, 273-288 (1993).
>
> 100. Jayaram, B. and Haley, B. Identification of Peptides Within
the
> Base Binding Domains of the GTP and ATP Specific Binding Sites of
> Tubulin. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (5) 3233-3242 (1994).
>
> 101. A. Chavan, B. Haley, D. Volkin, K. Marfia, A. Verticelli, M.
> Bruner, J. Draper, C. Burke and R. Middaugh. Interaction of
> Nucleotides with Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF-1).
> Biochemistry 33,7193-7202 (1994).
>
> 102. Logan, J., Hiestand, D., Daram, P., Huang, Z., Muccio, D.,
> Hartman, J., Haley, B., Cook, W., and Sorscher, E. Cystic Fibrosis
> Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Mutations That Disrupt
Nucleotide
> Binding. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 228-236 (1994).
>
> 103. Olcott, M. and Haley, B. Identification of Two Peptides From
the
> ATP-Binding Domain of Creatine Kinase. Biochemistry, 33, 11935-
11941
> (1994).
>
> 104. Bhattacharyya, A., Chavan, A., Shuffett, M., Haley, B. and
> Collins, D. Photoaffinity Labeling of Rat Liver Microsomal 5a-
> Reductase by 2-Azido-NADP+. Steroids 59, 634-641 (1994).
>
> 105. Salvucci, M., Chavan, A., Klein, R., Rajagopalan, K. and
Haley,
> B. Photoaffinity Labeling of the ATP Binding Domain of Rubisco
> Activase and a Separate Domain Involved in the Activation of
Ribulose-
> 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase. Biochemistry 33, 14879-
14886
> (1994).
>
> 106. Pendergrass, J.C. and Haley, B.E. Mercury-EDTA Complex
> Specifically Blocks Brain b-Tubulin-GTP Interactions: Similarity to
> Observations in Alzheimer"s Disease. pp98-105 in Status Quo and
> Perspective of Amalgam and Other Dental Materials (International
> Symposium Proceedings ed. by L. T. Friberg and G. N. Schrauzer)
Georg
> Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart-New York (1995).
>
> 107. Doukas, M., Chavan, A., Gass, C., Nickel, P., Boone, T. and
> Haley, B. Inhibition of GM-CSF Activity by Suramine and Suramin
> Analogues is Correlated to Interaction with the GM-CSF Nucleotide
> Binding Site. Cancer Research 55:5161-5163 (1995).
>
> 108. Bhattacharyya, A. K., Chavan, A.J., Haley, B., Taylor, M.F.,
and
> Collins, D.C. Identification of the NADP(H) Binding Site of Rat
Liver
> Microsomal 5a-Reductase (Isozyme-1): Purification of a Photolabeled
> Peptide Corresponding to the Adenine Binding Domain. Biochemistry
34,
> 3663-3669 (1995)
>
> 109. Chavan, A., Gass, C., Haley, B., Boone, T. and Doukas, M. A.
> Identification of N-Terminus Peptide of Human
Granulocyte/Macrophage
> Colony Stimulating Factor as the Site of Nucleotide Interaction.
> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 208,#1 390-396 (1995).
>
> 110. Shoemaker, M., and Haley, B. Identification of the Adenine
> Binding Domain Peptides of the ADP Binding Site of Glutamate
> Dehydrogenase. Bioconjugate Chemistry 7, 302-310 (1996).
>
> 111. Rajagopalan, K., Pavlinkova, G., Levy, S., Pokkuluri, R.,
> Schiffer, M., Haley, B., and Kohler, H. Novel Unconventional
Binding
> Site in the Variable Region of Immunoglobulins. Proc. Natl. Acad.
> Sci. 93, 6019-6024 (1996).
>
> 112. Pavlinkova, G., Rajagopalan, K., Muller, S., Chavan, A.,
> Sievert, G., Lou, D., O'Tolle, C., Haley, B., and Kohler, H. Site-
> Specific Photobiotinylation of Immunoglobins, Fragments and Light
> Chain Dimers. J. Immunological Methods 201, 77-88 (1997).
>
> 113. Pendergrass, J.C. and Haley, B.E. Inhibition of Brain Tubulin-
> Guanosine 5'-Triphosphate Interactions by Mercury: Similarity to
> Observations in Alzheimer's Diseased Brain. In Metal Ions in
> Biological Systems V34, Mercury and Its Effects on Environment and
> Biology, Chapter 16. Edited by H. Sigel and A. Sigel. Marcel
Dekker,
> Inc. 270 Madison Ave., N.Y., N.Y. 10016 (1996).
>
> 114. McGuire, M., Carroll, L. J., Yankie, L., Thrall, S. H.,
Dunaway-
> Mariano, D., Hertzberg, O., Jayaram, B. and Haley, B. Determination
> of the Nucleotide Binding Site within Clostridium symbiosum
Pyruvate
> Phosphate Dikinase by Photoaffinity Labeling, Site-Directed
> Mutagenesis, and Structural Analysis. Biochemistry 35, 8544-8552
> (1996).
>
> 115. Kohler, H., Pavlinkova, G., and Haley, B. Immunoglobulin
> Nucleotide Binding Site: A Possible Superantigen Receptor. In Human
B
> Cell Superantigens, edited by Moncei Zouali, Chapter 13, pp 189-194
> (1996).
>
> 116. Sankaran, B., Chavan, A. and Haley, B. Identification of
Adenine
> Binding Domain Peptides of the NADP+ Active Site within Porcine
Heart
> NADP+-Dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 35, 13501-
> 13510 (1996).
>
> 117. Sankaran, B., Clemens, J., and Haley, B. A Comparison of
Changes
> in Nucleotide-Protein Interactions in the Striatal, Hippocampus and
> Paramedian Cortex After Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion:
> Correlations to Regional Vulnerability. Molecular Brain Research
47,
> 237-250 (1997).
>
> 118. Hensley, K., Cole, P. ,Aksenov, M., Aksenova, M., Bummer,
P.E.,
> Carney, J.M., Haley, B.E., and Butterfield, D.A. Oxidatively-
Induced
> Structural Alteration of Glutamine Synthetase Assessed by Analysis
of
> Spin Label Incorporation Kinetics. J. of Neurochemistry 68, 2451-
2457
> (1997).
>
> 119. Pendergrass, J. C., Haley, B.E., Vimy, M. J., Winfield, S.A.
and
> Lorscheider, F.L. Mercury Vapor Inhalation Inhibits Binding of GTP
to
> Tubulin in Rat Brain: Similarity to a Molecular Lesion in
Alzheimer's
> Disease Brain. Neurotoxicology 18(2), 315-324 (1997).
>
> 120. Olcott, M.C. and Haley, B.E. Identification of an Adenine-
> nucleotide Binding Site on Interferon-a2. Eur. J. Biochem. 247/3,
762-
> 769 (1997).
>
> 121. David, S., Shoemaker, M., and Haley, B. Abnormal Properties of
> Creatine kinase in Alzheimer's Disease Brain: Correlation of
Reduced
> Enzyme Activity and Active Site Photolabeling with Aberrant Cytosol-
> Membrane Partitioning. Molecular Brain Research accepted (1997).
>
>
> RESEARCH PAPERS (ABSTRACTS)
>
> 1. Haley, B. and Yount, R. Inhibition of Myosin by Gamma-
> Fluoroadenosine Triphosphate, Abstracts Pacific Slope Biochemistry
> Conference, Seattle, Washington (1969).
> 2. Haley, B. Synthesis of Photoaffinity Analogs of ATP and AMP and
> Their Use as Membrane Probes. Mount Sinai School of Medicine &
> Rockefeller University School of Medicine, (Invited paper)(1974)
> 3. Haley, B. and Hoffman, J. Photoaffinity Labeling of ATP Binding
> Sites of Human Erythrocyte Membrane, FASEB Meeting, Atlantic City
> (1974).
> 4. Haley, B. Photoaffinity Labeling of cAMP Binding Sites of Human
> Erythrocyte Membranes, Abstracts 1975 ICN-UCLA Biochemistry
> Conference on Energy Transduction (1975).
> 5. Haley, B. Photoaffinity Labeling of Human Red Cell Membrane
> Binding Sites Using 8-Azido-cAMP, Abstracts 1975 FASEB Meeting,
> Atlantic City (1975).
> 6. Owens, J.R. and Haley, B. A Study of cAMP Stimulated
> Phosphorylation and cAMP Binding Sites of Human Erythrocyte
Membrane
> Proteins using 32P-8-Azido-cAMP, a Photoaffinity Probe. ICN-UCLA
> Conference on Molecular and Cellular Biology (1975).
> 7. Owens, J. and Haley, B. Properties of cAMP Binding Proteins of
the
> Human Erythrocyte Membrane, Abstracts 1976 ICN-UCLA Biochemistry
> Conference on Cell Shape and Surface Architecture (1976).
> 8. Seery, V. and Haley, B. Activation of Glycogen Phosphorylase by
8-
> Azidoadenosine 5'-Monophosphate, Abstracts ASBC Meeting, San
> Francisco (1976).
> 9. Waterson, R. and Haley, B. Interactions of Photoaffinity AMP and
> ATP Analogs with E. coli Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases, Abstracts ASBC
> Meeting, San Francisco (1976).
> 10. Fletcher, P., Kaltenback, C. and Haley, B. Photoaffinity
Labeling
> of Adenosine-3', 5' Cyclic Monophosphate Binding Sites in Ovine
> Corpus Lutea. Abstracts, Society for the Study of Reproduction,
> Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1976).
> 11. Geahlen, R.L., Moore, V.G., Kaiser, I.I. and Haley, B.E.
> Synthesis and Biological Activity of Photoactive 8-Azidoguanosine
> Nucleotide Analogs. Abstracts, 1977 FASEB Meeting, Chicago (1977).
> 12. Owens, J. and Haley, B. Mechanism of Action of Membrane Bound
> cAMP Activated Protein Kinase. 1977 ICN-UCLA Conference on
Molecular
> Aspects of Membrane Transport (1977).
> 13. Hahn, G.L., Metz, K.W., Atherton, R.W. and Haley, B.E. Labeling
> of a Surface Cyclic-AMP Receptor Site on Rabbit Sperm Utilizing a
> Photoaffinity Analog. American Society of Andrology, Nashville,
> Tennessee (1978).
> 14. Owens, J. and Haley, B.E. Mechanism of Mg-ATP Regulation of
> Membrane Bound Type 1 cAMP Activated Protein Kinase, Transmembrane
> Signaling, ICN-UCLA Symposia (1978).
> 15. Czarnecki, J. and Haley, B. Interaction of 8-Azido-2'-
> Deoxyadenosine-5'-Triphosphate, A Photoaffinity Label, with a DNA-
> Dependent DNA Polymerase. ASBC Meeting, Atlanta (1978).
> 16. Hoyer, P.B. and Haley, B.E. Partial Characterization of Rat
Brain
> cAMP Binding Proteins: Cellular Location, Molecular Weights, and
> Nucleotide Effects. 1979 ICN-UCLA Conference on Covalent
Modification
> of Proteins (1979).
> 17. Schoff, P., Atherton, R.W. and Haley, B.E. A Study of the cAMP
> Receptor Proteins of Human Ejaculated Sperm Using a Photoaffinity
> Analog. 1979 Soc. Study of Reproduction (1979).
> 18. Briggs, F.N., Al-Jumaily, W. and Haley, B.E. Interactions of
the
> Photoaffinity Analog of ATP, 8-Azido-ATP, 8-Azido-ATP, with
Vesicles
> of Skeletal and Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (1980).
> 19. Hoyer, P.B. and Haley, B.E. Use of Photoaffinity Probes to
Study
> cAMP Dependent Membrane Partitioning of ATP Binding and
> Phosphorylated Proteins (1980).
> 20. Owens, J.R. and Haley, B.E. Photoaffinity Labeling of Guanosine
> Polyphosphate (Magic Spot) Binding Proteins. Fed. Proc. 40, St.
> Louis, Missouri (1981).
> 21. Khatoon, S., Schoff, P.L., Haley, B.E. and Atherton, R.W. A
> Comparative Study of Sperm cAMP Dependent Protein Kinases by a
> Photoaffinity Analysis. American Society of Andrology Meeting, New
> Orleans, Louisiana (1981).
> 22. Woody, A-Young, M., Vader, C.R., Reisbig, R.R., Woody, R.W. and
> Haley, B.E. Photoaffinity Labeling of DNA-dependent RNA Polymerase
> from E. coli with 8-Azido-Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate. Biophysical
> Society Meeting, Denver, Colorado (1981).
> 23. Schoff, P.K., Khatoon, S., Haley, B.E. and Atherton, R.W.
Protein
> Kinases: Control by Ca and cAMP in Rat Caudal Epididymal Sperm.
> American Society of Andrology Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana
(1981).
> 24. Kaiser, I.I., Moore, V.G., Van Kirk, E. and Haley, B.E. The
> Enzymatic Synthesis of an 8-Azido-Adenosine-Containing Analog of OS-
> adenosylmethionine. Fed. Proc. 40, St. Louis, Missouri (1981).
> 25. Hoyer, P.B. Phosphorylation of the cAMP Dependent Protein
Kinases
> Catalytic Subunit Inhibits Phosphorylation of Endogenous
Substrates.
> Fed. Proc. 40, St. Louis, Missouri (1981).
> 26. Haley, B.E. and Al-Jumaily, W. Utilization of Nucleotide Probes
> to Study Adenylyl Cyclase in Biological Membranes. 1982 UCLA
> Symposium: "Evolution of Hormone-Receptor Systems", Squaw Valley,
> California (1982).
> 27. Khatoon, S., Haley, B.E. and Atherton, R.W. A Photolabeling
> Analysis of the cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Regulatory Subunits
in
> Sea Urchin and Rat Sperm. Society for the Study of Reproduction,
> Madison, Wisconsin (1982).
> 28. Owens, J.R. and Haley, B.E. Labeling of Nucleotide Binding
Sites
> in E. coli and B. subtilis with "Magic Spot" Photoaffinity Analogs.
> FASEB Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana (1982).
> 29. Owens, M., Haley, B.E. and Barden, R.E. Photolibile
> Multisubstrate Analogues as Photoaffinity Probes for Adenylate
> Kinase: Synthesis and Kinetic Studies. FASEB Meeting, New Orleans,
> Louisiana (1982).
> 30. Haley, Boyd. Utilization of Nucleotide Photoaffinity Probes to
> Study Adenylyl Cyclase and Protein Kinases in Biological Systems.
> 12th International Congress of Biochemistry. Perth, Australia
(1982).
> 31. Khatoon, S., Atherton, R. and Haley, B. Studies on Rat Epidimal
> Sperm Phosphorylating Systems Using Nucleotide Photoaffinity
Analogs.
> ASBC Meetings, San Francisco, California (1983).
> 32. Haley, B., Hoyer, P. and Middaugh, C.R. Studies on Adenylyl
> Cyclase Using Fluorescent and Photoaffinity GTP Analogs. ASBC
> Meeting, San Francisco, California (1983).
> 33. Owens, M., Barden, R. and Haley, B. Labeling of the Active Site
> of Adenylate Kinase Using a Multisubstrate Photoaffinity Probe.
ASBC
> Meetings, San Francisco, California (1983).
> 34. Owens, J., Woody, A.-J. and Haley, B. Photoaffinity Labeling of
> RNA Polymerase with [5'-32P] 8-Azidoguanosine-3'-phosphate-5'-
> phosphate, A Transcriptional Inhibitor. ASBC Meeting, San
Francisco,
> California (1983).
> 35. Middlebrook, J.L., Evans, G.R., Smith, L.A. and Haley, B.E.
> Interaction of Azido-ATP with Botulinum Neurotoxin. 3rd
International
> Congress on Cell Biology (1984).
> 36. Khatoon, S. and Haley, B.E. Autophosphorylation of cAMP
Dependent
> Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit Inhibits its Ability to Bind
> Nucleotide Triphosphates. ASBC Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri (1984).
> 37. Karpel, R.L., Levin, V.Y. and Haley, B.E. Photoaffinity
Labeling
> of a Nucleic Acid Helix-Destabilizing Protein. USLA Symposia on
> Protein Structure, Folding and Design (1985).
> 38. Haley, B.E., Evans, R.K. and Roth, D.A. Studies on Viral
Induced
> Nucleotide Binding Proteins in Tobacco. ASBC Meetings, Anaheim,
> California (1985).
> 39. Evans, R.K., Johnson, J.D. and Haley, B.E. Synthesis of 5-azido-
> 2'-deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate: Enzymatic Incorporation into DNA.
> ASBC Meetings, Anaheim, California (1985).
> 40. Duhr, E., Leppla, S.H. and Haley, B. Studies on Bacillus
> anthracis and Staphyloccoccal Protein Toxins Using Nucleotide
> Photoaffinity Analogs. ASBC Meetings, Anaheim, California (1985).
> 41. Francis, B., Mackenzie, III, C.W. and Haley, B.E. Photoaffinity
> Labeling and Phosphorylation Studies of cGMP Dependent Protein
> Kinase. ASBC Meetings, Anaheim, California (1985).
> 42. Toner, J.A., Haley, B. and Taylor, S.J. Scoichiometric
> Autophosphoration of the Catalytic Subunit of cAMP-dependent
Protein
> Kinase II. ASBC Meetings, Anaheim, California (1985).
> 43. Khatoon, S., Haley, B. and Coleman, M.S. Interactions of
> Deoxynucleotide Photoaffinity Analog with Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl
> Transferase (TdT). ASBC Meetings, Anaheim, California (1985).
> 44. Shi, Q.H., Ruiz, J., Ho, R.J. and Haley, B.E. Evaluation of
> Inhibition of Forskolin-activated Adenylate Cyclase by GDP or TNP-
> GTP. ASBC Meetings, Anaheim, California (1985).
> 45. Khatoon, S., Beach, C., Haley, B. and Coleman, M.S. Active Site
> Characterization of Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT):
> Modification with Deoxynucleotide Photoaffinity Analogs. ASBC
> Meetings, Washington, D.C. (1986).
> 46. Karpel, R.L., Levin, V.Y. and Haley, B. Characterization of a
> Crosslinked Nucleic Acid: Helix Destabilizing Protein Complex. ASBC
> Meetings, Washington, D.C. (1986).
> 47. Khatoon, S., Haley, B.E. and Slevin, J.T. Decreased
Availability
> of the Exchangeable GTP Binding Site of the b-Subunit of Brain
> Tubulin in Alzheimer's Disease. AAN Scientific Program, New York,
New
> York (1987).
> 48. Lewis, C., Haddad, R., Carlson, G.M. and Haley, B.E.
> Photoaffinity Labeling of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)
by
> 8-Azido-GTP. ASBC Meetings, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1987).
> 49. Kim, H., Ponstingl, H. and Haley, B.E. Identification of the
> Guanosine Interacting Peptide of the GTP Binding Site of b-Tubulin
> Using 8N3GTP. ASBC Meetings, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1987).
> 50. Khatoon, S., Slevin, J.T. and Haley, B.E. GTP Binding to the b-
> Subunit of Tubulin is Greatly Reduced in Alzheimers Disease. ASBC
> Meetings, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1987).
> 51. Campbell, S.R., Khatoon, S., Haley, B.E. and Slevin, J.T.
> Inability of Brain Microtubules in Alzheimers Disease to Cold-
> Depolymerize. Neuroscience Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana (1987).
> 52. Ho, L.T., Nie, Z.M., Mende, T.J., Richardson, S., Lee, H.,
Watt,
> D.S., Haley, B.E. and Ho, R.J. Photoaffinity-Analogs of Forskolin
and
> their Effects on Adenylate Cyclase. APS Meeting, San Diego,
> California (1987).
> 53. Li, S.W., Sobol, R.W., Kariko, K., Haley, B.E. and Suhadolnik,
> R.J. Photoaffinity Labeling of 2-5A Synthetase by 2- and 8-azido-
ATP.
> FASEB Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada (1988).
> 54. Francis, B.R. and Haley, B.E. Regulation of Protein
> Phosphorylation in Colon Carcinoma Homogenates by Metabolic
Products
> of Glycolysis and IP3. FASEB Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada (1988).
> 55. Drake, R.R., Evans, R.K. and Haley, B.E. Synthesis and
Properties
> of 5-azido-UDP-glucose, an Active Site-directed Photoaffinity
Probe.
> FASEB Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada (1988).
> 56. Nie, Z.M., Ho, L.T., Lee, D.S., Bowdan, J.B., Mende, T.M.,
Watt,
> D.S., Haley, B.E. and Ho, R.J. Photoaffinity Analogs of Adenylate
> Cyclase Activator, Forskolin. FASEB Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada
(1988).
> 57. Salvucci, M.E. and Haley, B.E. Photoaffinity Labeling of the
> Large and Small Subunits of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase with
8-
> Azido-ATP. Plant Physiology (1988).
> 58. Droms, K.A., Smith, G.J., Malkinson, A.M. and Haley, B.E. Gsa
and
> Lung Epithelial Cell Growth. American Association for Cancer
Research
> Meeting, Miami, Florida (1988).
> 59. Lewis, C.T., Haley, B.E. and Carlson, G.M. Evidence for
Formation
> of a Transient Sulfenamide Bond During Photoaffinity Labeling by 8-
> Azido-GTP of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase. American Chemical
> Society, San Diego, California (1988).
> 60. Chavan, A.J., Watt, A.J., Kim, H. and Haley, B.E. Synthesis and
> Application of GTP Phosphonamide Photoaffinity Reagents. American
> Chemical Society Meeting, Los Angeles, California (1988).
> 61. Lee, H., Watt, D.S., Kim, H. and Haley, B.E. Synthesis and
> Application of a Forskolin Photoaffinity Probe to a Tubulin Binding
> Site. American Chemical Society Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia (1988).
> 62. Drake, R.R. and Haley, B.E. Covalent Labeling of
> Phosphoglucomutase by [32P]UDP-GLC AND [32P]5N3UDP-GLC. ASBMB
> Meeting, Los Angeles, California (1989).
> 63. Watt, D.S., Lee, H.-W., Kim, H.-T. and Haley, B.E. Detection of
a
> Forskolin Binding Site Using a Photoaffinity Probe. ASBMB Meeting,
> Los Angeles, California (1989).
> 64. Dholakia, J.N., Francis, B.R., Haley, B.E. and Wahba, A.J.
> Characterization of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor as a GTP
> Binding Protein. ASBMB Meeting, Los Angeles, California (1989).
> 65. Parker, K.W., Drake, R.R., Haley, B.E. and Salvucci, M.E.
> Photoaffinity Labeling of Tobacco Subcellular Fractions with [32P]-
> Azido-UDP-Glucose. ASPP/CSPP Toronto, Ontario, Canada (1989).
> 66. Campbell, S., Kim, H., Haley, B.E. and Doukas, M. Photoaffinity
> Labeling of Nucleotide Binding Sites on Interleukin-2. Second
> International Workshop on Cytokines. Hilton Head, North Carolina
> (1989).
> 67. Wasserman, B.P., Frost, D.J., Wu, A., Read, S.M., Drake, R.R.
and
> Haley, B.E. Identification of the UDPG-Binding Polypeptide of (1,3)-
b-
> Glucan Synthase of Higher Plants by Photoaffinity Labeling with 5-
> Azido-UDPG. Fifth Cell Wall Meeting, Edinburgh (1989).
> 68. Gunnersen, D.J., Slevin, J.T. and Haley, B.E. Novel Proteins in
> Alzheimer's Diseased Brain May be Due to Pathological Modification
of
> b-Tubulin. ASBMB Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana (1990).
> 69. Drake, R., Hiestand, D., Sharp, J. and Haley, B. Nucleotide
> Binding and Autophosphorylation Properties of IL-1b. ASBMB Meeting,
> New Orleans, Louisiana (1990).
> 70. Kim, H. and Haley, B. Identification of Active Site Peptides of
> Glutamate and Lactate Dehydrogenases by Photoaffinity Labeling.
ASBMB
> Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana (1990).
> 71. Lin, P.P-C., Shoemaker, M.T. and Haley, B.E. Observation of a
> Specific Nucleotide Binding Site on Glucagon by Photoaffinity
> Labeling with Azido-GTP. ASBMB Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana
(1990).
> 72. Olcott, M. and Haley, B. Identification of a Nucleotide Binding
> Site on Interferon-a. ASBMB Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana (1990).
> 73. Campbell, S., Kim, H., Hiestand, D. and Haley, B. Photoaffinity
> Labeling of Nucleotide Binding Sites on Tumor Necrosis Factor.
ASBMB
> Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana (1990).
> 74. Duhr, E., Slevin, J. and Haley, B. Low Level HgEDTA Complex
> Specifically Blocks [32P]8N3GTP Interaction with Human Brain
Tubulin.
> ASBMB Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana (1990).
> 75. Mann, D.M., Haley, B.E. and Greenberg, R.N. GTP Binding to
Atrial
> Natriuretic Factor as Determined by Photoaffinity Labeling with [g-
> 32P]8N3GTP. ASBMB Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana (1990).
> 76. Droms, K.A., Haley, B.E. and Malkinson, A.M. Mechanism of
> Decreased b-Adrenergic Stimulation of Adenylate Cyclase in
Neoplastic
> Mouse Lung Epithelial Cell Lines. FASEB Meeting, Washington, D.C.
> (1990).
> 77. Manning, E.L., Kim, H., Haley, B.E. and Jacobson, M.K.
> Utilization of 2-Azido-NAD for Studies of ADP-Ribose Polymer
> Metabolism. ASBMB Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana (1990).
> 78. Watt, D.S., Chavan, A.J., Kim, H.-T. and Haley, B.E. A Novel
GTP
> Photoaffinity Probe for the Identification of the Exchangeable GTP-
> Binding Domain in Tubulin. ASBMB Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana
> (1990).
> 79. Doukas, M., Chavan, A.J., Campbell, S. and Haley,
> B.E.Photolabeling of the Granulocyte/Macrophage-Colony
> StimulatingFactor (GM-CSF) Eliminates Its Biological Activity.
> FASEBMeeting, Atlanta, Georgia (1991), FASEB J., 5 (4), A424.
> 80. Duhr, E., Pendergrass, C., Kasarskis, E., Slevin, J. and Haley,
> B.E. Hg2+ Induces GTP-Tubulin Interactions in Rat Brain Similar to
> those Observed in Alzheimer's Disease. FASEB Meeting, Atlanta,
> Georgia (1991), FASEB J., 5, (4), A456.
> 81. Trad, C.H., Chavan, A.J. and Haley, B.E. Detection of an
> NAD+/NADH Binding Site on Prolactin Using [32P]2N3NAD+. FASEB
> Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia (1991), FASEB J., 5, (4), A795.
> 82. Shoemaker, M.T., Jayaram, B. and Haley, B.E. Glucagon-GTP
> Interactions: Identification of a Binding Domain Peptide. FASEB
> Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia (1991), FASEB J., 5, (4), A795.
> 83. Jayaram, B., Sankaran, B., Watt, D.S. and Haley, B.E. Synthesis
> and Use of Radiolabeled, Non-Hydrolyzable GTP Photoaffinity Probes.
> FASEB Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia (1991), FASEB J., 5, (6), A1508.
> 84. Campbell, S., Doukas, M. and Haley, B.E. Identification of the
[a-
> 32P]8-Azido-ATP Photolabeled Peptides of rhIL-2. FASEB Meeting,
> Atlanta, Georgia (1991), FASEB J., 5, (6), A1521.
> 85. Gunnersen, D.J., Slevin, J.T. and Haley, B.E. Preliminary
> Characterization of a Novel Alzheimer's Disease Associated Protein.
> FASEB Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia (1991), FASEB J., 5, (4), A456.
> 86. Hiestand, D.M., Haley, B.E. and Kindy, M.S. Nucleotide Binding
> and Phosphorylation Properties of Proteins from Control and
Ischemic
> Brains. FASEB Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia (1991), FASEB J., 5, (4),
> A458.
> 87. Rajagopalan, K., Chavan, A.J., Haley, B.E. and Watt, D.S.
> Bidentate GTP Photoaffinity Probes: Cross-Linking Agents with Two
> Photoactive Groups. FASEB Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia (1991), FASEB
J.,
> 5, (6), A1522.
> 88. Bradley, M., Olcott, M. and Haley, B. Characterizaton of the
ATP
> Binding Domain of Creatine Kinase Using Photoaffinity Probes. ASBMB
> Meeting, Houston, Texas (1992)
> 89. Doukas, M., Chavan, A., Boone, T., Gass, C. and Haley, B.
> Nucleotide Binding Site of Granulocyte/Macrophage-Colony
Stimulating
> Factor (GM-CSF) is Preserved Across Species Barriers. ASH Annual
> Meeting, Anaheim, California (1992)
> 90. Sankaran, B., Haley, B. and Clemens, J. Identification of
Changes
> in Nucleotide Interacting Proteins in Control vs Ischemic Rat
Brains.
> Society for Neuroscience Meeting, Anaheim, California (1992)
> 91. Gunnersen, D., and Haley, B. Detection of Glutamine Synthetase
in
> the CSF of Alzheimer's Diseased Patients: A Potential Diagnostic
> Biochemical Marker. Society for Neuroscience Meeting, Anaheim,
> California (1992)
> 92. Hiestand, D., Cha]van, A. and Haley, B. Identification of a
> Nucleotide Binding Domain on Recombinant Human IL-1b. FASEB
Meeting,
> New Orleans, Louisiana (1993)
> 93. Olcott, M., Haley, B. Identification of Two Peptides in the
> Adenine Binding Domain of Creatine Kinase Using Immobilized Al3+
> Affinity Chromatography. FASEB Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana
(1993)
> 94. Rajagopalan, K., Chavan, A., Haley, B., and Watt, D. Synthesis
> and Application of Bidentate Nucleotide Photoaffinity Cross-linking
> Reagents with Two Photoactive Groups. FASEB Meeting, New Orleans,
> Louisiana (1993)
> 95. Shoemaker, M., and Haley, B. Identification of the Adenine
> Binding Domain of ADP Regulatory Site within GDH. FASEB Meeting,
New
> Orleans, Louisiana (1993)
> 96. Chavan, A., Doukas, M., Gass, C., Haley, B. and Boone, T.
> Covalent Linkage of [a32P]ATP or [g32P]ATP to rmGM-CSF in the
Absence
> of Light. FASEB Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana (1993)
> 97. Doukas, M., Chavan, A., Gass, C., Boone, T. and Haley, B.
> Nucleotide Binding Sites of Human and Murine Granulocyte/Macrophage-
> Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) are Identical. FASEB Meeting,
New
> Orleans, Louisiana (1993)
> 98. Pendergrass, J., Duhr, E., Slevin, J., and Haley, B. meso-2, 3-
> Dimercaptosuccinic (DMSA) Acid to both Alzheimer's Diseased (AD)
> Brains and to HgEDTA Treated Control Brains. FASEB Meeting, New
> Orleans, Louisiana (1993)
> 99. Sorscher, E.J., Daram, P., Hiestand, D., Huang, Z., Peng, S.,
> Muccio, D., Haley, B., and Logan, J. Mutations in CFTR Nucleotide
> Binding Domains (NBD's) Disrupt Trinitrophemyl ATP Binding. FASEB
> Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana (1993).
> 100. Logan, J., Hiestand, D., Huang, Z., Muccio, D., Haley, B., and
> Sorscher, E. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) Blocks Binding of
ATP
> Analogs to the CFTR First Nucleotide Binding Domain (NBD-1). FASEB
> Meeting, New Orleans, Louisana (1993).
> 101. Rajagopalan, K., Chavan, A.J., Cockle, S., Haley, B. and Watt,
> D. Identification of ATP-g-Phosphate Binding Domain of Pertussis
> Toxin By Photoaffinity Labeling. FASEB Meeting, New Orleans,
> Louisiana (1993).
> 102. Kasarskis, E, Haley, B., and Gunnerson, D. GTP-binding
Proteins
> in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Cerebrospinal Fluid. Abstracts
> American Neurological Assoc., Ann. Neurology 34, 297 (1993).
> 103. Pendergrass, J., Duhr, E., Haley, B., and Slevin, J. Effect of
> Chronic Ingestion of Micromolar HgCl2 and HgEDTA Complex on Rodent
> Neuronal Cytoskeleton. Society for Neuroscience 23rd Annual
Meeting,
> Abstracts, p193, #81.6 Washington, DC (1993).
> 104. Haley, B., Duhr, E., and David, S. Identification of an 8-
> Hydroxyguanosine Nucleotide in CSF that Blocks GTP Binding to b-
> Tubulin. Abstracts Annual Meeting Soc. For Neuroscience (1994).
> 105. Shoemaker, M., and Haley, B. Creatine Kinase is Generally
> Depleted and Inactive in Alzheimer's Diseased Brain. ASBMB
Abstracts,
> FASEB J. 8, #7 (1994)
> 106. Sankaran, B., and Haley, B. Identification of the Coenzyme
> Binding Site of NADP+-Dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase. ASBMB
> Abstracts, FASEB J. 8, #7 (1994).
> 107. Hiestand, D., Sorscher, E., and Haley, B. Use of 2N3ATP to
> Identify the Site of ATP Interaction on Nucleotide Binding Domain-2
> From the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator. ASBMB
> Abstracts, FASEB J. 8, #7 (1994).
> 108. Hiestand, D., Sorscher, E., Huang, Z., Wang, Y., and Haley, B.
> Use of 2N3ATP to Identify the Site of ATP Interaction on Nucleotide
> Binding Domain-2 From the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance
> Regulator. Abstracts 8th Annual N. American Cystic Fibrosis
> Conference, Orlando, FL (1994).
> 109. Kohler, H., Pavlinkova, G., Rajagopalan, K., Wang, H-T.,
> Chatterjee, S., and Haley, B. Specific Photoaffinity Labeling Locus
> on Antibodies: Use for Chelation, Protein Conjugation and Gene
> Delivery. Abstracts Annual meeting Exper. Biol., Anaheim, CA, FASEB
> J. 8, #4 pA236 (1994)
> 110. Lorscheider, F., Vimy, M., Pendergrass, J., and Haley, B.
> Toxicity of Ionic Mercury and Elemental Mercury Vapor on Brain
> Neuronal protein Metabolism. Abstracts 12th Intern. Neurotoxicology
> Conf. Univ. Arkansas Med. Ctr., Hot Springs, AR (1994).
> 111. Lorscheider, F., Vimy, M., Pendergrass, J. and Haley, B.
Mercury
> Vapor Exposure Inhibits Tubulin Binding to GTP in Rat Brain: A
> Molecular Lesion Also Present in Alzheimer's Diseased Brain. Expt.
> Biol. Annual Meeting Abstracts, Atlanta, GA, FASEB J. 9, #4 pA663
> (1995)
> 112. Chavan, A., Doukas, M., Gass, C., Haley, B., and Collins, D.
> Inhibition of Nucleotide Binding to Recombinant GM-CSF by Suramin
and
> it's Analogs Correlates with Inhibition of Biological Activity.
> Annual ASBMB Meeting, San Francisco, CA FASEB J. 9, #6 pA1417
(1995).
> 113. Lorscheider, F., Vimy, M., Pendergrass, J., and Haley, B.
> Mercury Vapor Inhalation inhibits Binding of GTP to Tubulin in Rat
> Brain: A Molecular Lesion Present in Alzheimer's Diseased Brain.
25th
> Annual meeting of Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA Soc.
> Neurosci. 21, #3, p1723 (1995).
> 114. Hicks, R., Pendergrass, J. and Haley, B. Identification of the
> Guanine Binding Domain Peptide of Myelin Basic Protein Using [32P]
> 8N3GTP. Abstracts PGSRM Meeting, Madison, WI (1995).
> 115. Pendergrass, J., Israel, M., and Haley, B. Use of
Photoaffinity
> Labeling and 2-D Electrophoresis to Identify Changes in Nucleotide
> Binding Proteins in Brain and CSF: A Potential Diagnostic Technique
> for Neurological Diseases. Annual Meeting AAPS Miami, FL (1995)
> 116. Hicks, R., Pendergrass, J., and Haley, B. Identification of
the
> Guanine Binding Domain peptide of Myelin Basic Protein Using [32P]
> 8N3GTP. Annual Meeting AAPS Miami, Fl. (1995).
> 117. Pendergrass, J., Isarel, M., Borths, C., Chavan, A., and
haley,
> B. Detection of Multiple Cytodines and Growth Factors in Human CSF
> Using Photochemistry. 6th International Congress on Cell Biology &
> 36th Amer. Soc. Cell Biol. Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA (1996).
> 118. Kohler, H., Pavlinkova, G., Sievert, G., Freeman, J., and
Haley,
> B. Tumor-Targeting of Oligonucleotides Using Affinity Linked
> Antibodies. Abstracts FASEB Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, FASEB
J.
> 10, #6 pA1350 (1996).
> 119. Chavan, A., Doukas, M., Gass, C., Boone, T., and Haley, B.
> Probing Anti-Growth Factor Activity of Suramin Using Azido
> Nucleotides. 6th International Congress on Cell Biology & 36th
Amer.
> Soc. Cell Biol. Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA (1996).
> 120. Doukas, M., Chavan, A., Gass, C., Boone, T., Nickel, P., and
> Haley, B. Suramin and Suramin Analog Activity Against Leukemic Cell
> Lines: Correlation to Interaction with the Granulocyte/Macrophage
> Colony Stimulating Factor Nucleotide-Binding Site. Abstracts AACR
> Meeting (1996).
>
> Boyd Haley
> CURRICULUM VITAE
>
> The basic research interest of our laboratory centers on
biochemical
> and biomedical problems involving control at the molecular level.
> Specifically, we are most interested in biological systems
regulated
> by protein-nucleotide interactions where the bioenergetics involved
> are expressed through site-specific nucleotide binding of high
> affinity or through protein substrate phosphorylation. Our approach
> to the study of this general phenomenon is to synthesize novel
> nucleotide analogs that are photoactive or fluorescent, or both.
The
> analogs are then used to study various aspects of protein-
nucleotide
> interactions which regulate enzyme activity. Analogs used may be
> modifications of the commonly known nucleotides such as ATP, cAMP,
> GTP, dUTP, NAD+, UDP-Glc, etc. or probes of the more unusual
> nucleotides such as the proposed alarmones guanosine-3'-phosphate-
> 5'phosphate (magic spot compounds) and diadenosine-P1, P4-
> tetraphosphate.
> These nucleotide analogs are used to study a wide variety of
enzymes
> that either use or are regulated by nucleotides including cyclases,
> kinases, and polymerases. Certain of these probes have proven
useful
> in the study of the differences between normal and diseased tissues
> as observed through changes in nucleotide binding proteins.
> Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Multiple
> Sclerosis are some of the diseases we are currently investigating.
I
> am currently interested in the several low molecular weight
> nucleotide binding proteins that we have detected in human
> cerebrolspinal fluid that seem to vary in presence and
concentration
> with various disease states. One of these is aFGF (binds ATP) and
> another is myelin basic protein (binds GTP, is phosphorylated and
ADP-
> ribosylated).
> We have also done studies that implicate low levels of Hg as being
> capable of being involved in certain neurological diseases. This is
> based on our observation that Hg2+ chelated with EDTA is a more
> potent inhibitor of tubulin polymerization than is free Hg2+.
> Addition of Hg-EDTA complex to non-demented human brain homogenates
> renders the photolabeling profile to be identical to that of
> Alzheimer's diseased brain homogenates. Further, exposure of rats
to
> low level mercury vapor causes a great increase in rat brain
mercury
> levels and a marked decrease in brain tubulin photolabeling as is
> observed in Alzheimer's diseased brain. These results support the
> contention that mercury vapor would exacerbate the symptoms
> associated with Alzheimer's disease. This is a major concern since
> substantial levels of mercury vapor is known to be released from
> dental amalgams and EDTA is a common food additive.
> Additionally, we have found that several of the large polypeptide
> hormones (or biological response modifiers) have nucleotide binding
> sites. These include GM-CSF, aFGF,IL-1, IL-2, Interferon-alpha, TNF
> (tumor necrosis factor), glucagon and GH (growth hormone). We
> therefore feel that the transmembrane signaling effected by these
> proteins may, at least be expressed partially by an activity
> associated with the "hormone" itself. This is supported by the
> observation that IL-1 and IL-2 also autophosphorylate using ATP.
>
>
______________________________________________________________________
> __________
> Class Action Lawsuit Filed Against ADA and State Dental Association
> in Maryland
>
> (Baltimore, MD, Feb. 21, 2002) A class action lawsuit was filed
today
> in State Court against The American Dental Association and the
> Maryland State Dental Association for actively misrepresenting and
> deceiving consumers about the high levels of mercury used in dental
> fillings. Mercury, a highly toxic substance, is the most widely
used
> substance in dental fillings today. The case charges that the ADA
and
> MSDA misrepresent amalgam dental fillings as "silver," when in fact
> such fillings contain approximately 50% mercury by weight, thereby
> posing substantial health risks to certain users. Additionally, the
> lawsuit charges that the Defendants prevented legally mandated
> warnings regarding mercury and mercury exposure from amalgam
fillings
> from getting to consumers. The complaint was filed on behalf of
> plaintiff Lisa Hogan, a Maryland resident who suffered symptoms
from
> mercury dental fillings. After having all her mercury fillings
> removed, her symptoms subsided.
>
> Brought by the Law offices of Shawn Khorrami, Swankin & Turner, and
> The Erwin Law Firm, the case charges that the ADA and MSDA are in
> violation of the Maryland Consumer Protection Act for engaging in
> fraudulent and deceptive business practices, and for committing
fraud
> against the citizens of Maryland.
>
> "Each filling has 750,000 micrograms of mercury. A person with four
> fillings has three grams of mercury in his or her mouth, enough to
> shut down a lake, a school, or a business," said Dr. Boyd E. Haley,
> Professor and Chairperson of the Department of Chemistry at the
> University of Kentucky and an expert in the study of the dangers of
> mercury to human health. "Mercury amalgam is dangerous before it
goes
> into the mouth, and it is a hazardous material when it comes out. I
> am aware of no other situation today where grams of mercury are
> implanted in any human being. In fact, in the healthcare industry,
> mercury has been all but banned."
>
> Manufacturers of dental amalgam actually include warnings that
> mercury amalgam fillings should not be placed into patients with
> known allergies to mercury, in patients with severe renal
deficiency,
> in children six years of age or lower, or in expectant or nursing
> mothers.
>
> Neurotoxicity symptoms associated with mercury and mercury
compounds
> include, but are not limited to, impaired vision, speech, hearing
and
> walking; sensory disturbances; incoordination of movements; nervous
> system damage, very similar to congenital cerebral palsy; mental
> disturbances; psychomotor retardation, chronic inflammation of
mouth
> and gums, personality change, nervousness, fever or rash. Exposure
to
> mercury impairs the brain and nervous system from developing
normally
> in fetuses.
>
> The scientific evidence regarding the potential hazards of mercury
> dental fillings is extensive and conclusive. (See sample research
> citings in the accompanying document.) The United States Public
> Health Service and a significant number of dentists believe that
> mercury fillings may be dangerous, at least for certain vulnerable
> populations.
>
> The defendants, however, have undertaken a policy and practice of
> actively suppressing legitimate scientific research regarding the
> potential hazards of amalgam fillings, and have prevented such
> information and proper health warnings from reaching Maryland
> consumers, Plaintiffs, and members of the Plaintiffs' class. The
> defendant ADA's failure to disclose are omissions of material fact.
>
> The "Gag" order. One of the ways in which Defendants have attempted
> to suppress the health hazards of mercury fillings have been
through
> the ADA's so-called "Code of Ethics." Their ethical rule acts as
> a "gag order" preventing dentists from even discussing the
potential
> toxicity of mercury fillings with their patients. The rule has a
> widespread chilling effect because dentists risk being disciplined
by
> defendant MSDA for discussing the mercury controversy with their
> patients. As a result, plaintiffs and other Maryland consumers do
not
> receive the warnings included by manufacturers of amalgam with
their
> product.
>
> In papers filed in California Superior Court for the
deception/fraud
> cases brought against the American Dental Association and their
> California affiliate, Dr. Boyd Haley states:
> "The CDA's position that 'no valid scientific evidence exists that
> dental amalgam poses any health risk ­ other than rare, localized
> allergic reactions,' is indefensible. A plethora of peer reviewed,
> published, scientific studies and articles completely refute this
> point. Frankly, outside of the Journal of the American Dental
> Association or JADA, the ADA's trade journal, which is not a
refereed
> scientific journal, but solely a trade journal, scientific
consensus
> is completely contrary to the CDA's position. The fact is that
there
> are no solid, refereed publications showing that mercury is not
> emitted from dental amalgams. On the contrary, there are several
> showing significant emissions of mercury from dental amalgams."
>
> When scientifically analyzed, amalgam fillings represent nothing
more
> than a con on the U.S. population, orchestrated by the American
> Dental Association and its web of constituent associations and
> component societies says Shawn Khorrami, the lead attorney in the
> Maryland class action suit and a group of mercury-related cases in
> California, including the aforementioned deception/fraud class
cases
> currently in litigation in California. "When called to task in the
> courts, the ADA has engaged in what has become an ADA tradition of
> legal maneuvering in order to avoid facing the scientific facts of
> mercury amalgam toxicity" says Khorrami.
>
>
______________________________________________________________________
> __________
>
> SANDY DUFFY and A.C.L.U. KNOCK OUT THE OREGON GAG RULE!!
>
> It's the beginning of the end of the ADA gag rule.
>
> Portland lawyer Sandra Duffy, Oregon director for Consumers for
> Dental Choice, recognized that the Oregon dental board policy of
> enforcing the ADA gag rule on dentists criticizing mercury fillings
> violates the free speech rights of dentists. Accordingly, in
> December, she enlisted the state chapter of the American Civil
> Liberties Union, the nation's champion on the First Amendment, to
> battle the policy.
>
> The ACLU, through Portland lawyers Michael Simon and Julia Markley
> working pro bono, wrote a letter to the Attorney General of Oregon
in
> February saying the dental board had 30 days to rescind its policy
> adopted back in 1990. (In that year, the Oregon dental board
adopted
> the ADA policy aimed at gagging dentists from telling patients and
> the public about the health effects of mercury fillings (known,
> deceptively, as ,"silver" amalgam). The board maintained that
policy
> despite the huge body of science showing the ADA to be wrong.)
>
> The office of Attorney General Hardy Myers responded promptly,
> getting the matter on the Board agenda on March 8. Immediately,
Mary
> Ann Newell organized a large number of consumers and health
> practitioners to attend, and Sandy put together a presentation to
> make to the dental board. On that date, the state's largest
> newspaper, the Oregonian, ran a front-page story about the dental
> board denying dentists their free speech rights. The board, used to
> having its meetings with only dental lobbyists present, was
astounded
> to see 40 people in its tiny meeting room, told Sandy Duffy no one
> could speak. She, of course, insisted that everyone have her or his
> say. The board, faced with an aware press, legal advice against
them,
> and an aroused citizenry, repealed the ADA gag rule.
>
> Since that meeting, Sandy Duffy and I have met with Jann Carson,
> assistant executive director of the ACLU, about pushing this issue
> with ACLU chapters around the nation. We commend the ACLU ,Äì
> remember, a champion of civil liberties for ALL of us.
>
> The ADA gag rule is on its way to the dustbins of history. It is
gone
> in California, after our yearlong battle out there led by Anita
> Tibau. It is now gone in Oregon. It failed to re-start in Florida,
> thanks to Julie Hilton and B.J. West. And it has no leg to stand on
> anywhere, any dental board who tries to enforce it is violating the
> First Amendment!
>
> I urge dentists to start talking about mercury amalgam, the
> scientific studies, the manufacturer warnings, the Health Canada
> report, the fact that it's not silver, the vapors emanating
> continually to children's brain. We need you to advise, advocate,
and
> advertise the truth. And now, thanks to Sandy Duffy and the ACLU,
> it's increasingly clear you have the United States Constitution on
> your side!
>
> Charlie Brown
> March 12, 2002
>
>
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------
--
> ----------
>
>
>
> Oregon Recinds Gag rule On Dentists
>
> Today the Oregon Dental Board voted unanimously to rescind a rule
> that has been on their books since 1990. A rule that effectively
> gagged dentists from discussing freely the potentially harmful
> effects of mercury exposure eminating from mercury-amalgam dental
> fillings. The issue was brought to a head by the ACLU protesting to
> the State Attorney General that the dental board's rule was a clear
> violation of a dentist's right to free speech under the US and
Oregon
> constitutions.
>
> The evident mood of the dental board was to get this issue off
their
> table, and all these people with "no Hg" buttons out of their
meeting
> room as soon as possible. What the board does next will be under
> close scrutiny by activists and ACLU in Oregon.
>
> Despite the board's desire to keep it short, nearly a dozen anti-
> mercury activists spoke quickly, filling a half-hour of tape for
the
> local news cameras that had gathered to cover the meeting. By the
> time the public speaking was over several of the dental board
members
> were clearly slouched into their chairs, appearing more than a
little
> red in the face, looking down and not engaging in very much eye
> contact.
>
> Jeff Clark
> 3/8/2002
>
______________________________________________________________________
> __________
> THE STATE OF NEW YORK
> NEW YORK 224TH ANNUAL LEGISLATIVE SESSION
>
> ASSEMBLY BILL 4209
>
> 2001-2002 REGULAR SESSIONS
> IN ASSEMBLY
> FEBRUARY 7, 2001
>
>
> INTRODUCED BY M. OF A. BRODSKY, GIANARIS, EVE, GALEF, DINOWITZ,
> FARRELL,
> GRANNIS, DINAPOLI, P. RIVERA -- MULTI-SPONSORED BY -- M. OF A.
> BOYLAND,
> BRENNAN, CANESTRARI, A. COHEN, M. COHEN, COLTON, COOK, CYMBROWITZ,
> DIAZ,
> GLICK, GOTTFRIED, GREEN, GREENE, GUNTHER, HIGGINS, LAFAYETTE,
> LAVELLE,
> LUSTER, MCENENY, MILLMAN, NOLAN, ORTIZ, PERRY, PHEFFER, PRETLOW,
> RHODD-CUMMINGS, SANDERS, E. C. SULLIVAN, WEINSTEIN, WEISENBERG --
> READ ONCE
> AND REFERRED TO THE COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION --
> COMMITTEE
> DISCHARGED, BILL AMENDED, ORDERED REPRINTED AS AMENDED AND
> RECOMMITTED TO
> SAID COMMITTEE
>
> TEXT: THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND
> ASSEMBLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
>
>
> Section 1. Short title. This act shall be known as "The Mercury-
Free
> Water
> Resources and Mercury Reduction Management Strategy Act of 2001".
>
>
> . . .
>
>
> SECTION 27-1927. DENTAL OFFICE REQUIREMENTS.
>
>
> EACH DENTAL OFFICE SHALL BE REQUIRED TO SUBMIT AN ANNUAL AMALGAM
> MERCURY
> REPORT DESCRIBING QUANTITIES OF ALL SOURCES STORED AND RECYCLED:
> INCLUDING
> CHAIR-SIDE TRAPS, CLEAN SCRAP, ELEMENTAL MERCURY, AMALGAM SLUDGE,
AND
> MERCURY CONTAINMENT TRAPS. THE DEPARTMENT SHALL PROVIDE BY
REGULATION
> THEREFOR.
>
>
> SECTION 27-1929. NOTIFICATION.
>
>
> EVERY DENTIST SHALL DISPLAY, IN BOLDFACE PRINT, IN THE ENGLISH AND
> SPANISH
> LANGUAGE, AND IN A CONSPICUOUS PLACE WITHIN SUCH DENTIST'S OFFICE,
A
> NOTICE
> STATING THE FOLLOWING:
>
>
> "THIS OFFICE USES AMALGAM FILLING MATERIALS WHICH CONTAIN AND
EXPOSE
> YOU TO
> MERCURY, A CHEMICAL KNOWN TO THE STATE OF NEW YORK AS A TOXIN
LINKED
> TO
> NEUROLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS. ADDITIONALLY, SCIENTIFIC
> STUDIES OF
> MERCURY-CONTAINING AMALGAM USE HAVE SHOWN THAT A SIGNIFICANT HEALTH
> HAZARD
> EXISTS FOR PREGNANT WOMEN AND CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 15. SAFE
> ALTERNATIVES TO MERCURY-CONTAINING AMALGAMS EXIST. PLEASE CONSULT
YOUR
> DENTIST FOR MORE INFORMATION." S 27-1931. INFORMED CONSENT; DENTAL
> PROCEDURES.
>
>
> NO DENTIST SHALL USE MERCURY OR MERCURY AMALGAM IN A DENTAL
PROCEDURE
> UNLESS, PRIOR TO THE USE, THE DENTIST CERTIFIES IN WRITING THAT THE
> PATIENT
> GAVE INFORMED CONSENT THERETO FREELY AND WITHOUT COERCION. SUCH
> INFORMED
> CONSENT SHALL BE PROVIDED IN WRITING AND REQUIRED FOR EACH DENTAL
> OFFICE
> VISIT IN WHICH THE PROCEDURE INVOLVES THE USE OF MERCURY AMALGAM
AND
> SHALL
> CONTAIN THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT IN BOLDFACE PRINT:
>
>
> "I CONSENT TO THE USE OF MERCURY CONTAINING AMALGAM IN THIS DENTAL
> PROCEDURE. I HAVE BEEN INFORMED THAT THE AMALGAM TO BE USED IN THIS
> PROCEDURE CONTAINS MERCURY, A CHEMICAL KNOWN TO THE STATE OF NEW
YORK
> AS A
> TOXIN LINKED TO NEUROLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS.
ADDITIONALLY,
> I
> HAVE BEEN INFORMED THAT SCIENTIFIC STUDIES OF AMALGAM CONTAINING
> MERCURY
> HAVE SHOWN THAT A SIGNIFICANT HEALTH HAZARD EXISTS FOR PREGNANT
WOMEN
> AND
> CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 15. I HAVE ALSO BEEN INFORMED THAT SAFE
> ALTERNATIVES TO AMALGAM CONTAINING MERCURY EXIST."
>
>
> SECTION 27-1933. BAN ON HEALTH INSURANCE DISCRIMINATION.
>
>
> NO HEALTH INSURANCE POLICY OR CONTRACT SHALL IN ANY WAY DISCRIMINATE
> AGAINST AMALGAMS THAT DO NOT CONTAIN ADDED MERCURY.
>
>
>
>
>
http://lawschool.stanford.edu/library/special/dentalofficerequirements
> .html
>
______________________________________________________________________
> __________
>
> A04209 Summary:
> SAME AS No same
> as
>

>
> SPONSOR
>
Brodsky
>

>
> COSPNSR Gianaris, Eve, Galef, Dinowitz, Farrell, Grannis,
DiNapoli,
> Rivera P
>

>
> MLTSPNSR Boyland, Brennan, Canestrari, Cohen A, Cohen M, Colton,
> Cook,
> Cymbrowitz, Diaz, Glick, Gottfried, Green, Greene,
Gunther,
> Higgins,
> Lafayette, Lavelle, Luster, Matusow, McEneny, Millman,
> Nolan, Ortiz,
> Perry, Pheffer, Pretlow, Rhodd-Cummings, Sanders,
Sullivan
> E,
> Weinstein,
> Weisenberg
>

>
> Add Art 15 Title 31 SS15-3101 - 15-3111, Art 27 Title 19 SS27-1901 -

> 27-1941,
> S71-2728, En Con L; amd S16, Ag & Mkts L; add S3238, Ins
> L
> Enacts "The Mercury Free Water Resources and Mercury Reduction
> Management
> Strategy Act of 2001"; provides for: disclosure of mercury content,
> phase-out
> of mercury-added products, disposal prohibition, labelling, source
> separation,
> collection, requirements for sewage treatment plants, point source
> release
> containment traps, ban on sale or distribution of certain mercury
> products,
> replacement of manometers and gas pressure regulators (agriculture
> dept. to
> handle for dairy industry), regulates dental use and bans health
> insurance
> discrimination therein, requires lamp recycling; adds all mercury-
> added
> products to state universal waste rules; provides for a state
> advisory
> committee on mercury pollution; provides for penalties for
> violations.
>
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------
--
> ----------
>
> A04209 Actions:
> 02/07/2001referred to environmental
> conservation
> 02/13/2001reported referred to
> codes
> 05/11/2001amend (t) and recommit to
> codes
> 05/11/2001print number
> 4209a
> 05/15/2001reported referred to ways and
> means
> 06/05/2001reported referred to
> rules
> 07/17/2001rules report
> cal.1117
> 07/17/2001ordered to third reading rules
> cal.1117
> 01/09/2002referred to environmental
> conservation
>
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------
--
> ----------
>
> A04209 Votes:
>
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------
--
> ----------
>
> A04209 Memo:
> TITLE OF BILL : An act to amend the environmental conservation
> law,
> the agriculture and markets law, and the insurance law, in relation
> to
> enacting the Mercury-Free Water Resources and Mercury
> Reduction
> Management Strategy Act of
> 2001
>

>
> GENERAL PURPOSE/IDEA OF BILL : This bill would make
> various
> provisions to ensure the proper use, reuse, recycling and
> management
> of products containing mercury and elemental
> mercury.
>

>
> EFFECTS OF PRESENT LAW THIS BILL WOULD ALTER : This bill would
> enact
> the "Mercury-Free Water Resources and Mercury Reduction
> Management
> Strategy Act of 2001" by adding a new Title 31 to Article 15 and a
> new
> Title 19 to Article 27 to the environmental conservation law
> ("ECL"),
> adding a new subdivision 41 to section 16 of the agriculture
> and
> markets law, and adding a new section 3238 to the insurance
> law.
>

>
> SUMMARY OF SPECIFIC PROVISIONS : Adds a new Title 19 to article
> 27
> of the ECL entitled Comprehensive Management of Waste Mercury
> that
> includes provisions for the
> following:
>

>
> * Requires manufacturers of mercury-added products to disclose to
> the
> commissioner of environmental conservation the amount of
> mercury
> contained in such
> products.
>

>
> * Creates a mercury added product phase out program effective
> January
> 1, 2004, allowing certain products to be granted a phase-out
> exemption
> by the commissioner. The phase-out exemption shall include a
> public
> comment period for concerned
> citizens.
>

>
> * Prohibits any mercury-added product to be disposed of in
> solid
> waste, radioactive waste, medical waste or
> wastewater.
>

>
> * Requires labels on any mercury-added products informing consumers
> of
> the presence and recycling requirements of
> mercury.
>

>
> * Requires mercury-added products to be source separated from
> the
> mercury they contain before being placed in any waste disposal area
> of
> the
>
state.
>
>

>
> * Manufacturers of mercury-added products shall provide a system
> of
> collection for such products; and shall inform consumers of (1)
> the
> available system for proper collection of such product, (2) that
> state
> law prohibits charging a fee for such collection, and (3)
> that
> disposal of such product in the solid waste of this state
> is
>
prohibited.
>
>

>
> * Requires a material data safety sheet for the sale of
> elemental
>
mercury.
>
>

>
> * Places a ban on mercury
> thermometers.
>

>
> * Places a ban on mercury-containing toys or
> games.
>

>
> * Phases out the use of mercury-added gas
> pressure
> regulators/manometers for those entities that may use such
> equipment
> for the purpose of testing pressure, notably natural gas
> lines.
>

>
> * Directs the department of agriculture to establish a program
> to
> replace existing mercury containing
> manometers.
>

>
> * Requires dental offices to submit an annual amalgam mercury
> report.
>

>
> * Requires dental offices to post notice regarding the health
> risks
> associated with mercury
> amalgam.
> * Requires informed consent by a person to receive mercury
> amalgam
>
fillings.
>
>

>
> * Prohibits any health insurer to discriminate against coverage
> of
> persons choosing to have dental fillings that do not contain
> mercury.
>

>
> * Requires a permit by DEC to operate a mercury-added lamp
> recycling
>
facility.
>
>

>
> * Includes mercury in state universal waste
> rules.
>

>
> * Establishes a State Advisory Committee on mercury pollution
> that
> must report annually to the legislature and Governor on
> matters
> concerning mercury pollution and cleanup in the
> state.
>

>
> * The provisions of this title shall not apply to households for
> two
> years upon this bill becoming
> law.
>

>
> Adds a new title 31 to Article 15 of the ECL
> that:
>

>
> * Institutes a program for publicly owned sewage treatment plants
> to
> measure levels of mercury and develop a monitoring program
> for
> mercury, and to provide information of customer billing statements
> on
> mercury discharges and
> sources.
>

>
> * Requires DEC to implement a voluntary mercury pollution
> prevention
> program to minimize levels of mercury in POTW
> discharges.
>

>
> * Directs DEC to develop acceptable limits on the concentration
> of
> mercury in sewage sludge and incinerator ash; mercury limits in
> the
> discharge of sewage treatment plants; and sewage
> pretreatment
>
standards.
>
>

>
> * Prohibits any person to discharge mercury through a publicly
> owned
> sewage treatment plant, accept sludge containing mercury,
> discharge
> mercury through a publicly owned wastewater treatment plant, or
> apply
> mercury containing sludge, in greater amounts as determined by
> the
>
department.
>
>

>
> * Defines facilities that have the potential to release mercury
> into
> plumbing systems as a point source, and provides an exemption
> for
> those facilities that install DEC certified mercury containment
> traps.
>

>
> * Prohibits the discharge of any elemental mercury in any solid
> waste
> of the state, other then trace amounts allowed by the
> department.
>

>
> * Requires the use of mercury containment traps for plumbing
> systems
> where the department determines there is a need for such
> traps.
>

>
> * The provisions of this title shall not apply to households for
> two
> years upon this bill becoming
> law.
>

>
> This bill also incorporates penalties for violators of Title 19 and
> 31
> in the form of civil penalties by adding a new section 71-2728 to
> the
> ECL. A first penalty shall be in the form of a written warning
> and
> distribution of informational materials about proper disposal
> of
> mercury to be determined by the department. Upon a second
> violation,
> monetary fines are
> imposed.
>

>
> JUSTIFICATION : Mercury is a known neurotoxin that is linked
> to
> several cognitive and developmental problems in the brain,
> spinal
> cord, kidneys, lungs, and liver. There is an especially high risk
> for
> damage to fetuses and young children. In July 2000, the
> National
> Academy of Sciences (NAS) released a U.S. Congressionally
> mandated
> report entitled Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. The
> report
> states "over 60,000 children a year are born each year at risk
> for
> adverse neurodevelopmental effects due to in utero exposure
> to
>
methylmercury."
>
>

>
> Mercury has been found in all of the waters of New York State,
> 25
> bodies of which, including all of Lake Champlain, in eleven
> counties,
> have fish consumption advisories because of mercury contamination
> (NYS
> DOH 2000). These advisories instruct that due to increased risk
> of
> birth defects and serious health problems, no woman of
> childbearing
> age, infant, or person under the age of fifteen should eat
> certain
> species of fish in these twenty-five bodies of water. In addition,
> 38
> bodies of water statewide are listed by the US EPA as
> containing
> mercury levels to be
> dangerous.
>

>
> Mercury is a tasteless, odorless, invisible (when vaporized)
> chemical
> that can enter the body through the lungs, mouth or skin. In
> addition
> to humans, wildlife that ingest fish, such as bald eagles and
> loons,
> are also highly susceptible to mercury
> ingestion.
>

>
> This legislation was adapted from model mercury legislation
> endorsed
> by the New England Governor`s Conference and has been introduced
> in
> various forms in Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine,
> Rhode
> Island, Oregon and is being considered by California and
> Connecticut.
>

>
> The bill also includes an important provision to phase out the use
> of
> mercury-containing gas pressure regulators and manometers
> commonly
> used for testing pressure in natural gas lines. There have
> been
> several recent incidents where the improper use of these types
> of
> equipment has led to large mercury spills in residential
> homes,
> including Westchester County. Last year, over 300 homes in Chicago,
> IL
> were found to have mercury contamination from wrongful use of
> this
> kind of
>
equipment.
>
>

>
> Also, the US EPA has cited a number of Publicly Owned Treatment
> works
> (POTWs) throughout our state that continually incur violations due
> to
> unacceptable amounts of mercury pollutants discharged into
> our
> eco-system. Federal regulations set mercury discharge limits
> on
> publicly owned discharge plants, however, they allow a choice of
> two
> monitoring methods. This legislation allows a publicly owned
> sewage
> treatment plant to monitor the levels of mercury in wastewater that
> is
> discharged but specifies, however, that the method which detects
> with
> more precision the amount of mercury discharges must be used.
> This
> will ensure more accurate information about mercury levels
> being
> released into the state`s
> waters.
>

>
> This comprehensive legislation will ensure the residents of New
York
> a
> safe and healthy environment while protecting our fragile eco-
> system.
>

>
> FISCAL IMPACT ON STATE/LOCAL GOVERNMENTS : Minimal to the
> state.
>

>
> EFFECTIVE DATE : January first next succeeding the date on which
> it
> shall have become law; provided that the commissioner of
> environmental
> conservation is authorized to promulgate any and all rules
> and
> regulations and take any other measures necessary to implement
> this
> act on its effective date on or before such date.
>
> http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=a004209
>
______________________________________________________________________
> __________
>
> Governor Davis appoints mercury-free dentist Chet Yokoyama to the
> California Dental Board
>
>
> Dear Friends,
>
> In a bold and exciting move, Governor Gray Davis has picked Dr.
Chet
> Yokoyama to the California Dental Board. Chet, a prominent and
> reputable mercury-free dentist in L.A., is a member of all three
> major dental societies who oppose mercury dental fillings: the
Int,l
> Academy of Oral Medicine & Toxicology, the Am. Academy of
Biological
> Dentistry, and the Holistic Dental Ass,n.
>
> As you know, the Legislature in Calif. shut down the Dental Board,
> creating an entirely new Board from scratch. The Governor has not
yet
> finished his appointments - we hope he'll appoint a second mercury-
> free dentist, to reflect this fast growing segment of dentistry.
>
> During 2001, we focused our movement first in California, which is,
> after all, the nation's trendsetter state and I'm glad we did.
> Through a consumer movement last year spearheaded by Anita Tibau
and
> Shawn Khorrami, and a special lobbying effort led this year by
> Vaughan Harada, our positions are being vindicated. This
appointment
> signals opportunity everywhere to bring mercury-free dentists to
the
> tables of power to help make the decisions that affect the public
and
> the profession.
>
> Our sincerest congratulations to Chet Yokoyama, who has this
exciting
> opportunity before him.
>
> And our deepest appreciation to Governor Gray Davis, who has shown
> the political courage to stand up to the California Dental
> Association.
>
> Charlie Brown
> Mar. 22, 2001
>
> http://www.toxicteeth.net
>
> SHAWN KHORRAMI, ESQ., SBN 180411
>
> MATTHEW A. BREDDAN, ESQ., SBN 174133
>
> LAW OFFICES OF SHAWN KHORRAMI
>
> 14550 Haynes Street, Third Floor
>
> Van Nuys, CA 91411
>
> Telephone: (818) 947-5111
>
> Facsimile: (818) 947-5121
>
> CHARLES G. BROWN, ESQ., pro hac vice
>
> SWANKIN & TURNER
>
> 1400 Sixteenth Street N.W.
>
> Suite 330
>
> Washington, DC 20036
>
> Telephone: (202) 462-8800
>
> Facsimile: (202) 265-6564
>
> Attorneys for Plaintiffs,
>
> ANITA TIBAU, and CINDY BLAKE
>
> SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
>
> CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO
>
> ANITA TIBAU, an individual; CINDY BLAKE, an individual; on behalf
of
> themselves, and all those similarly situated
>
> Plaintiff
>
> v.
>
> AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION, a corporation; CALIFORNIA DENTAL
> ASSOCIATION, a corporation; and DOES 1 THROUGH 2000, inclusive,
>
>
>
> Defendants.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> ______________________________________
> )
>
> )
>
> )
>
> )
>
> )
>
> )
>
> )
>
> )
>
> )
>
> ))))
>
> )
>
> )
>
> )
>
> )
>
> )
>
> )
>
> )
>
> )
>
> )
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> )
>
> )
> Case No.
>
> CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT BASED ON:
>
> 1. Violation of Business & Professions Code ßß17200 et seq. based
on
> Health & Safety Code ßß25249.6 et seq.;
>
> 2. Violation of Business & Professions Code ßß 17200 et seq. based
on
> Business & Professions Code ß510;
>
> 3. Violation of Business & Professions Code ßß17200 et seq. based
on
> Business & Professions Code ß2056;
>
> 4. Violation of Business & Professions Code ßß 17200 et seq. based
on
> Unfair and Deceptive Business Practices;
>
> 5. Violation of Business & Professions Code ßß 17200 et seq. based
on
> Deceptive Business Practices
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> INTRODUCTION
>
> This is a case about two healthcare associations which have
> undertaken a course of conduct and a business practice spanning
over
> many decades in order to assure that patients do not receive
accurate
> information regarding mercury amalgam fillings. Specifically, the
> American Dental Association ("ADA") and the California Dental
> Association ("CDA") have, for years, sent out literature,
> informational materials, advertisements, and other written
> correspondence, and also made oral representations, all of which
were
> deliberately intended to disguise mercury amalgam fillings as
silver.
> The ADA and CDA have concealed and provided false information to
> their members and the general public regarding the significant risk
> of harm and toxic injury from such fillings to consumers, and
dental
> practitioners. Furthermore, the ADA and CDA have undertaken
business
> practices in order to assure that consumers, particularly patients
> and high risk populations such as pregnant women and children
remain
> oblivious to the significant levels of mercury in and toxicity of
> dental amalgam fillings.
> This deception takes the form of concealment, openly false
> representations, and an outward aggression toward those who do not
> agree with the Defendants. It is layer upon layer of actions by the
> Defendants from their pamphlets and other written and oral
materials,
> to accreditation of dental schools, to revocation of licenses of
> those dentists who oppose the Defendantsí position.
> The ADA has a significant income from the sale of its written
> materials, including, but not limited to pamphlets and brochures.
> These materials convey false and misleading information to dental
> professionals and the public, and combined with the Defendants
> continuous efforts to "gag" any opposition, assure that the "m"
word
> (mercury) remains a secret.
> When considering the significance of these Defendantsí actions, it
is
> important to consider the following:
> These organizations, and particularly the ADA, hold themselves out
as
> the foremost, and perhaps only, authorities on oral care in this
> country and the world.
> These organizations, and particularly the ADA, have actively
> prevented dentists from receiving accurate information about
mercury
> amalgam;
> Even where dentists have been aware of the serious toxicity issues
> relating to mercury amalgam, these organizations, and particularly
> the ADA, have actively prevented dentists from relaying this
toxicity
> information to their patients;
> Mercury is one of, if not the, most toxic non-radioactive element
> known to man. There is an overwhelming amount of scientific data
> ranging from animal to human studies conclusively documenting
> mercuryís horrendous and devastating effects. Unlike some other
toxic
> materials, Mercury is dangerous in all of its formulations. In
fact,
> the State of California (along with various other authoritative
> governmental and scientific bodies) recognizes mercury,
> methylmercury, and all of their compounds as highly toxic to the
> human body. When it comes to mercury, the question is not whether
it
> is toxic, but just how toxic it is.
> Over the years, Governmental and scientific bodies, continuously,
> have lowered the levels at which mercury is considered toxic.
> Additionally, in virtually every other application, particularly in
> the healthcare industry, the use of mercury has either been banned
or
> phased out. For example, the use of mercury thermometers has been
> phased out; mercurochrome, previously used to treat cuts, has been
> banned; the use of mercury preservatives in vaccines, and eye drops
> is being phased out. Outside of the healthcare industry, the
> manufacturers of fluorescent lamps, which lamps traditionally
> contained up to 25 milligrams of mercury, have, year after year,
> lowered the amount of mercury in their products in a continuing
> effort to phase out the use of mercury.
> As a point of reference, while the fluorescent lamp manufacturers
> have been and are currently under fire for less than 25 milligrams
of
> mercury in their product, a typical mercury amalgam filling
contains
> 750 milligrams of mercury (over 30 times more than a fluorescent
> lamp), and an individual can have 5 to 15 fillings in her mouth.
> Additionally, mercury is a toxic substance when being delivered to
> the dental office, and the fillings are toxic waste when leaving
the
> dental office. Yet, Defendants claim that the fillings are
perfectly
> safe when placed inside an individualís mouth. Simply put, the
> Defendants concede that mercury is toxic in every instance; just
not
> in an individualís mouth.
> Although this contention is facially laughable, its effects on the
> public (and many dentistsí careers) have been anything but funny.
The
> dental industry, including the Defendants herein, stands alone as
the
> only industry which openly, outwardly, and falsely claims that
> mercury is safe and that its use should be continued.
> It is most noteworthy that this is not about an association
> advocating the use of a particular product; this is about an
> association which actively, and aggressively lashes out against
those
> who oppose its views. This is about an association that derives a
> significant income from advocating for the use of this highly toxic
> substance. This is about an association that is generally known as
> the number one, and perhaps, only authority in oral care,
advocating,
> telling, and teaching its members and the public that the most
toxic
> element known to man is actually safe when placed in millions of
> peopleís mouths.
> As set forth herein, the Defendants, through their so-
called "ethical
> rules," have openly prevented dentists from properly informing
their
> patients of the toxicity of this product. These so-called "ethical
> rules" have been, and continue to be, enforced by various dental
> boards in order to revoke the licenses of dentists who speak
against
> the use of mercury amalgams. The Defendants, through their
> literature, particularly their brochure which is going to be the
> subject of a request for a preliminary injunction herein, have
> provided false information to their members and the general public
> regarding the dangers of this product, or even the fact that
mercury
> is an ingredient. In fact, Defendants refer to mercury amalgam
> fillings as silver. Through their accreditation program,
Defendants,
> and particularly the ADA, have caused dental schools to provide
> trainees with false information regarding mercury amalgams.
> The Defendants, and each of them, have steadfastly refused to
inform
> the public, in general, and the Plaintiffs, specifically, regarding
> the potential toxic effects of mercury amalgams, or even the fact
> that mercury is present in amalgams. These acts violate various
> statutes and prevent the administration of appropriate healthcare
in
> the dental industry as set forth herein.
>
> JURISDICTION
> The California Superior Court has jurisdiction over this action
> pursuant to California Constitution Article VI, Section 10, which
> grants the Superior Court "original jurisdiction in all causes
except
> those given by statute to other trial courts." The Statutes under
> which this action is brought do not specify any other basis for
> jurisdiction.
> The California Superior Court has jurisdiction over all Defendants
> because, based on information and belief, each is a corporation
> and/or entity and/or person that has sufficient minimum contacts in
> California, is a citizen of California, or otherwise intentionally
> avails itself of the California market so as to render the exercise
> of jurisdiction over it by the California courts consistent with
> traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.
> Venue is proper in the San Francisco Superior Court because both of
> the named Defendants exist, transact business, and/or have offices
in
> San Francisco.
>
> THE PARTIES
> Anita Tibau is and at all times herein relevant has been a
California
> resident who has had dental amalgam fillings that contain mercury.
> Ms. Tibau had her fillings removed in or about April, 2000.
> Cindy Blake is and at all times herein relevant has been a
California
> resident who has had dental amalgam fillings that contain mercury.
> Ms. Blake had her fillings removed in or about October, 2000.
> At all times relevant herein, the California Dental Association is
> and was a nonprofit corporation headquartered in California, and
> doing business throughout this State. The Plaintiffs are informed
and
> believe, and based thereon allege that the CDAís members comprise
> some 75% of the dentists in California.
> At all times relevant herein, Defendant CDA transacted business in
> the State of California, County of Los Angeles.
> At all times relevant herein, the American Dental Association is
and
> was a nonprofit corporation headquartered in Illinois. All members
of
> the CDA are required to be members of the ADA. As such, Plaintiffs
> are informed and believe and based thereon allege that
approximately
> 75% of the dentists in California are ADA members, and transact
> business with the ADA. Furthermore, among other things, the ADA
> accredits dental schools within California.
> At all times relevant herein, Defendant ADA transacted business in
> the State of California, County of Los Angeles.
> The true names and capacities, whether individual, corporate,
> associate, or otherwise, of Defendants named herein as DOES 1
through
> 100, and each of them, are unknown to Plaintiffs, who therefore,
sue
> said Defendants by such fictitious names.
> Plaintiffs will ask leave to amend this Complaint to state said
> Defendantsí true identities and capacities when the same have been
> ascertained.
> Plaintiffs is informed and believe and based thereupon allege that
> each of the defendants designated herein as DOE took part in and
> participated with the Defendants in all matters referred to herein
> and was in some manner responsible for the injuries and losses
> suffered by Plaintiffs.
> Plaintiffs is informed and believe and based thereupon allege that
at
> all times herein mentioned each of the Defendants was the agent,
> servant and/or employee or occupied other relationships with each
of
> the other named Defendants and at all times herein mentioned acted
> within the course and scope of said agency and/or employment and/or
> other relationship and each other Defendant has ratified, consented
> to, and approved the acts of his agents, employees, and
> representatives, and that each actively participated in, aided and
> abetted, or assisted one another in the commission of the
wrongdoing
> alleged in this Complaint.
>
> STATUTORY BACKGROUND
> A. UNFAIR COMPETITION ACT (BUS. & PROF. CODE ß 17200 ET SEQ.)
>
> California Business & Professions Code ß17200 provides that "unfair
> competition shall mean and include unlawful, unfair or fraudulent
> business act or practice." Section 17203 of the Business &
> Professions Code provides that "(a)ny person performing or
proposing
> to perform an act of unfair competition within this state may be
> enjoined in any court of competent jurisdiction."
> "An unlawful business activity includes anything that can properly
be
> called a business practice and that at the same time is forbidden
by
> law." "Unlawful" practices prohibited are any practices forbidden
by
> law be it civil or criminal, federal, state, or municipal,
statutory,
> regulatory, or court-made. It is not necessary that the predicate
law
> provide for private civil enforcement. Section 17200 borrows
> violations of other laws and treats them as unlawful practices
> independently actionable. Section 17200 is designed to protect
> consumers against fraud and deceit as well as to protect
competitors.
> It is broadly interpreted to bar all ongoing wrongful business
> activities in any context in which they appear.
> The Unfair Competition Act authorizes injunctive relief to prevent
> unlawful, unfair, or fraudulent business acts or practices, and
> restitution (disgorgement) of money or property wrongfully obtained
> by means of such unfair competition. Bus. & Prof. Code, ß 17203.
The
> statute imposes strict liability. It is not necessary to show that
> the defendant intended to injure anyone. Because the definition
> contained in Section 17200, is disjunctive, a "business act or
> practice" is prohibited if it is "unfair" or "unlawful"
> or "fraudulent." In other words, a practice is prohibited
as "unfair"
> or "deceptive" even if not "unlawful" and vice versa.
> The "fraud" contemplated by the third prong of Section 17200, bears
> little resemblance to common law fraud or deception. The test is
> whether the public is likely to be deceived. This means that,
unlike
> common law fraud or deceit, a violation occurs even if no one was
> actually deceived, relied upon the fraudulent practice, or
sustained
> any damage.
> An "unfair" business practice occurs when that practice offends an
> established public policy or when the practice is immoral,
unethical,
> oppressive, unscrupulous, or substantially injurious to consumers.
In
> fact, even if a practice is neither in violation of antitrust laws
> nor deceptive, it may nonetheless be unfair. An act is unfair,
> without necessarily having been previously considered unlawful, if
it
> offends public policy - that is, if "it is within at least the
> penumbra of some common-law, statutory, or other established
concept
> of unfairness."
> Furthermore, a plaintiff suing under section 17200 does not have to
> prove he or she was directly harmed by the defendant's business
> practices. An action may be brought by any person, corporation or
> association or by any person acting for the interests of itself,
its
> members or the general public.
> California Business & Professions Code ß17206(a) provides that any
> person violating Section 17200 "shall be liable for civil penalty
not
> to exceed two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500) for each
> violation, which shall be assessed and recovered in a civil action
> brought in the name of the people of the State of California."
Under
> Section 17205, all remedies and penalties are "cumulative to each
> other and to the remedies or penalties available under all other
laws
> of this state."
> B. PROPOSITION 65
>
> Proposition 65, a state ballot measure that passed by an
overwhelming
> 2 to 1 margin, is codification of a long-standing public policy
> within this state which is growing ever stronger with the passage
of
> time. Within the Preamble to Proposition 65, the People declared,
in
> no uncertain terms, that exposures to reproductive toxins and
> carcinogens "pose a serious potential threat" to the public health.
> Section 1 of Initiative Measure, Proposition 65, Nov. 4, 1986. The
> People further declared their right "[t]o be informed about
exposures
> to chemicals that cause cancer, birth defects, or other
reproductive
> harm." Proposition 65, ß1(b). Consequently, workers and consumers
> throughout California mandated that manufacturers provide clear
> warning of the severe hazards of exposure to the chemicals that are
> known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive harm. A primary
> focus of the modern environmental movement has been the harmful
> effects of toxics. Simply put, the People want to eliminate
exposures
> to these deadly chemicals, but where such exposures are necessary,
> want to be informed of same, and be told of the effects which may
> result.
> Furthermore, through Proposition 65, the People expressed their
> distrust of government by allowing for private enforcement of the
> law, along with other guidelines seeking to protect the Citizens of
> this State despite the political pressures which may be placed on
> regulators by industry.
> In relevant part, the Act provides that:
> No person in the course of doing business shall knowingly discharge
> or release a chemical known to the state to cause cancer or
> reproductive toxicity into water or onto or into land where such
> chemical passes or probably will pass into any source of drinking
> water . . . (Health & Safety Code ß25249.5)
>
> No person in the course of doing business shall knowingly and
> intentionally expose any individual to a chemical known to the
state
> to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity without first giving clear
> and reasonable warning to such individual, except as provided in
> Section 25249.10. (Health & Safety Code ß25249.6)
>
> Proposition 65 establishes a procedure by which the state develops
a
> list of chemicals "known to the State to cause cancer or
reproductive
> toxicity." Health & Safety Code ß25249.8. The California Office of
> Environmental Hazard Assessment ("OEHHA") is the lead agency
charged
> with administration of Proposition 65, which, among other things,
> includes listing chemicals, de-listing chemicals, and setting No
> Significant Risk Levels ("NSRLs") and No Observable Effect Levels
> ("NOEL"). Proposition 65 provides clear mechanisms whereby any
> individual can request that a specific chemical be listed or de-
> listed as a carcinogen and/or reproductive toxin, request a change
in
> the NSRL or NOEL (22 CCR ß12705(b)), obtain a safe use
determination
> (22 CCR ß12104), or obtain an "interpretive guideline" regarding
any
> matter under the Act (22 CCR ß 12103).
> Pursuant to the mandates of Proposition 65, on July 1, 1987, OEHHA
> designated Methylmercury as a chemical known to the State of
> California to be a reproductive and/or developmental toxin. On July
> 1, 1990, OEHHA determined that Mercury and Mercury Compounds are
> known to the State of California to be reproductive and/or
> developmental toxins. Subsequently, on May 1, 1996, OEHHA
determined
> that Methylmercury compounds are known to the State of California
to
> be carcinogens since May 1, 1996. CCR ß22-12000.
>
> BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON MERCURY
> Mercury is one of the few chemicals that is conclusively known to
> cause adverse health effects in humans. This is because the effects
> of Mercury on humans have been widely studied, in a variety of
> circumstances and populations. Mercury is dangerous if inhaled, if
> absorbed through the skin, or if it enters through any part of the
> body. It is a highly toxic element and the most volatile of the
heavy
> metals.
> Various Federal governmental agencies, and numerous States,
including
> California, regard Mercury as a powerful carcinogen, and a
> reproductive and developmental toxin. Mercury is also poisonous to
> the human nervous system. Due to its significant documented
> reproductive and developmental effects, pregnant women and their
> developing fetuses, women of child-bearing age, and children under
> the age of 8 are most at risk for mercury-related health impacts.
> These health impacts include, for example, subtle effects arising
> from prenatal exposure such as delayed development and cognitive
> changes in children.
> Mercury can cause a variety of symptoms including chronic
> inflammation of mouth and gums, personality change, nervousness,
> fever, or rash. Neurotoxicity symptoms associated with Mercury and
> Mercury Compounds include, but are not limited to, impaired vision,
> speech, hearing, and walking; sensory disturbances; incoordination
of
> movements; nervous system damage very similar to congenital
cerebral
> palsy; mental disturbances; psychomotor retardation; and, in some
> cases death. Mercury has also been linked to brain neuron
> degeneration. According to the United States Public Health Service,
> mercury poses the most direct danger to the brain and the kidneys
It
> impairs fetal development, preventing the brain and nervous system
> from developing normally. Children poisoned by mercury show lowered
> intelligence, impaired hearing and poor coordination and their
verbal
> and motor skills may be delayed or otherwise, severely and
> permanently impaired.
> Knowledge of Mercuryís adverse health effects is nothing new. Human
> studies alone date back more than 60 years. Studies have correlated
> various ailments, symptoms, and effects with Mercury for decades.
For
> example in the 1940's, Mercury was found to be the cause of
> Acrodynia. Furthermore, disasters in Minamata, Japan, in the 1950s
> and in Iraq in 1971-1972 clearly demonstrated neurologic effects
> associated with ingestion of Mercury both in adults and in infants
> exposed in utero.
> In workplace case studies, very low exposure to Mercury has been
> linked to neurologic and renal disorders. Studies have confirmed
more
> subtle effects such as preclinical changes in kidney function and
> behavioral and cognitive changes associated with effects on the
> central nervous system. Chronic exposure can result in
> neuropsychiatric symptoms such as "mad hatter syndrome"
or "erethism"
> and include tremor, anxiety, incapacitating shyness and
irritability.
> Mercury is a neurological poison affecting primarily brain tissue.
In
> adults, permanent brain damage is focal affecting the function of
> such areas as the cerebellum (ataxia) and the visual cortex
> (constricted visual fields). Methylmercury also at high doses can
> cause severe damage to the developing brain.
> Even trace amounts of Mercury are known to be toxic to humans. In
> fact, various governmental and private entities have determined
that
> exposures of less than 1 microgram per kilogram of body weight, per
> day, can have severe adverse effects. The mercury in just one fever
> thermometer is enough to contaminate more than 200 million gallons
of
> water.
>
> CLASS ALLEGATIONS
> This class action will lie under California Code of Civil Procedure
> section 382.
> Description of the Class: The class is composed of individuals who
> have purchased and had implanted at any time in their lifetime one
or
> more dental fillings that contained mercury, and who either
currently
> have mercury amalgam dental fillings in their mouths, or if they
have
> had them removed, such removal has not taken place prior to July
> 1998.
> Plaintiffs expressly disclaim any intent to seek in this suit any
> recovery for personal injuries that have been suffered or that may
be
> suffered by any class member, whether now known or unknown.
> Numerosity: The members of the Class are so numerous that joinder
of
> all members is impracticable. Although the precise number of Class
> members is unknown to Plaintiffs at this time and can be
ascertained
> only through appropriate discovery, Plaintiffs are informed and
> believe that many thousands of individuals have dental fillings
that
> contain mercury or have so had dental fillings at some point since
> July, 1998. In fact, Plaintiffs estimate that over seventy percent
of
> Californiaís population has one or more mercury fillings.
> Commonality and Typicality: This suit poses questions of law or
fact
> which are common to and affect the rights of all members of the
> Class. Plaintiffsí claims are typical of the claims of other
members
> of the Class. The harm suffered by Plaintiffs and all other class
> members arises from and was caused by the same conduct of
Defendants,
> and each of them. This includes, but is not limited to, the
> Defendantsí fraudulent, misleading, and false statements regarding
> dental amalgam; their active efforts to conceal the presence of
> mercury in dental amalgam, and their overt and active efforts to
> punish those who have spoken about the dangers of dental amalgam.
> Moreover, Defendantsí deceitful misrepresentation and deceptive
> marketing and advertising of dental amalgam as safe has affected
the
> members of the Plaintiffsí class in similar ways. Members of the
> class have sustained damages as a direct result of the wrongful
> conduct described in the Complaint.
> Adequacy of Representation: Plaintiffs will fairly and adequately
> represent and protect the interests of the members of the Class.
> Plaintiffs have retained competent counsel, and intend to
diligently
> and vigorously prosecute the claims alleged herein.
> Superiority of Class Action: A Class action is the best method to
> fairly and efficiently adjudicate the controversy between the
parties
> in light of the fact that:
> (a) Common questions of law and fact predominate over individual
> questions that may arise, such that there would be enormous
economies
> to the Courts and the parties in litigating the common issues on a
> classwide instead of a repetitive basis;
>
> (b) The size of each class memberís damage claim is too small to
make
> individual litigation an economically viable alternative, such that
> few class members have any interest in controlling the prosecution
of
> separate actions;
>
> (c) A class action is required for optimal deterrence and
> compensation and for limiting the court-awarded reasonable legal
> expenses incurred by class members; and
>
> (d) Should individual class members be required to bring separate
> actions, Courts throughout California would be confronted with a
> multiplicity of lawsuits, thus burdening the Court system while
also
> creating the risk of inconsistent rulings and contradictory
> judgments. In contrast to proceeding on a case-by-case basis, in
> which inconsistent results would magnify the delay and expense to
all
> parties and the court system, this class action will present far
few
> management difficulties while providing unitary adjudication,
> economies of scale and comprehensive supervision by a single Court.
>
> Class certification is also proper because Defendants have acted or
> refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the class, making
> class action certification appropriate.
> Predominance of Common Questions of Law and Fact: Common questions
of
> law and fact predominate for all Class members over any issues that
> are particular to any individual member of the Class. The questions
> of law and fact common to the Class include, but are not limited
to:
> (a) Whether dental amalgam contains mercury;
>
> (b) Whether dental amalgam causes exposure to mercury;
>
> (c) Whether Defendantsí representations and material omissions have
> been false, intentionally or negligently made;
>
> (d) Whether Defendants intended plaintiffs and others similarly
> situated to rely upon these false representations and material
> omissions;
>
> (e) Whether Plaintiffs and others similarly situated in fact did
rely
> on these false representations and material omissions;
>
> (f) Whether Plaintiffs, members of Plaintiffsí class, and the
general
> public should have received warnings regarding mercury in dental
> amalgam;
>
> (g) Whether the acts and omissions of Defendants, as alleged
herein,
> caused inaccurate information to be disseminated to Plaintiffs,
> members of Plaintiffsí class, and the general public;
>
> (h) Whether the acts and omissions of Defendants, as alleged
herein,
> prevented warnings from being given to Plaintiffs;
>
> (i) Whether acts and omissions of Defendants, as alleged herein,
> constituted violation of the Unfair Trade Practices Act, California
> Business & Professions Code section 17200 et seq.;
>
> (j) Whether acts of Defendants as alleged herein constituted
> violation of California Health and Safety Code 25249.5 et seq.;
>
> (k) Whether Defendants have engaged in a pattern and practice of
> fraudulent concealment about the safety of dental amalgam;
>
> (l) Whether actions of Defendants, and each of them, were
fraudulent,
> deceitful, or unfair within the meaning of the Unfair Trade
Practices
> Act; and
>
> (m) What is the measure of damages for members of Plaintiffsí
class.
>
>
> GENERAL ALLEGATIONS
>
> DENTAL AMALGAM
> Mercury is the major component of amalgam dental fillings ñ
> approximately 50 percent by molecular mass.
> The amount of mercury in each filling is about three-fourths of a
> gram, or 750,000 micrograms, enough to shut down a small lake from
> fishing ñ yet consumers typically have multiple fillings. Many
> consumers have five to fifteen fillings, and because of the actions
> outlined herein, most remain unaware that their mouths are a
virtual
> toxic environmental hazard. Frequently, the mercury will also leach
> into the gums, and from there immediately enter the human
> bloodstream.
> According to a report of the United States Agency for Toxic
> Substances and Disease Registry, mercury vapors constantly emit
from
> amalgam fillings ñ more heavily when the consumer chews or drinks
hot
> liquids or foods ñ with the vaporized toxics going into the brain,
> kidneys, and other organs, where the mercury may remain imbedded as
a
> heavy metal toxic. According to the United States Public Health
> Service, the major cause of mercury toxicity for most people is not
> fish; it is amalgam fillings.
> Because of the mercury, defendants warn dentists that they should
> exercise extreme precautions to protect themselves before placing
the
> amalgam filling in a patientís mouth. Furthermore, an amalgam
filling
> is classified as a hazardous waste as soon as it is removed from
the
> mouth. Yet, according to Defendants, it is absolutely harmless
inside
> the patientís mouth.
> According to the California Dental Board, a state agency within the
> Department of Consumer Affairs, at least three alternatives to
> mercury amalgam fillings exist: resin (also known as composite),
> porcelain, and gold.
> Mercury formerly was commonly used in medicine, but its usage is
> being withdrawn. For example, Mercurochrome was used to fight
> infections and mercury was a preservative in vaccines and contact
> lenses. Because of mercuryís extreme toxicity, Mercurochrome is now
> banned; mercury has been taken out of vaccines and contact lens
> solutions; and mercury thermometers (due to breakage risks) are
being
> removed from hospitals. Mercury in any health use is now condemned
> via resolutions enacted by the American Public Health Association,
> the California Medical Association, and Health Care Without Harm.
Yet
> Defendants steadfastly defend its use and aggressively pursue those
> who speak out against them.
>
> DEFENDANTSí DECEPTION
> Solely based on the extreme toxicity of mercury, and its
considerable
> presence in dental amalgam, it is readily apparent that the
> Defendants have been horribly deceptive and dishonest with the
> American and California public. However, this case is much more
than
> that. These Defendants have undertaken a course of conduct not only
> to conceal the toxicity of dental amalgam, but to actually promote
> its use with claims of safety and cost-effectiveness. Unlike many
> other health associations, Defendants have also reaped a
substantial
> financial benefit from their conduct. Through their conduct, these
> Defendants have actually caused and promoted the exposure of
patients
> to one of the most toxic substances known to man. Specifically,
> Defendants have deceived or misled the California public in at
least
> seven distinct categories.
> First, Defendants deceive the public by representing amalgam
> is "silver." As recently as 2000, the ADA printed brochures to the
> public which state that amalgam is "silver." Exhibit A. Defendants
> give such brochures to dentists to hand out to their patients. This
> is a deliberate and conscious attempt to hide mercuryís presence.
In
> fact, "silver fillings" necessarily implies that the fillings are
> primarily made of "silver." In reality, the largest component of
> amalgam is mercury: "Silver-colored dental fillings typically
contain
> about 50% metallic mercury," according to Toxicological Profile for
> Mercury (Update, 1999), a report of the United States Governmentís
> Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, a part of the
> Public Health Service, United States Department of Health and Human
> Services.
> Second, Defendants hide the existence of mercury in dental
fillings.
> Defendant California Dental Association sent a memorandum to all of
> its member dentists to avoid using the word "mercury" when making
> disclosures about toxics used in the dental office. Such
memorandum,
> issued in January, 2001, is attached as Exhibit B.
> Unlike other health professions, the American Dental Association
has
> no protocol to warn, or even advise, dental patients that amalgam
> contains the powerful neuro-toxin mercury.
> Third, Defendants hide their economic stake in amalgam sales while
> declaring the product "safe." The ADA has a Seal of Acceptance
> program, under which it uses its name on commercial products. The
ADA
> describes its program as follows:
> "When a product carries the ADA's Seal of Acceptance, consumers can
> be confident that the product meets ADA requirements for safety and
> effectiveness and that the manufacturer's claims about that product
> are accurate."
>
> The ADA further represents that "[t]he Seal on a product is an
> assurance for consumers and dentists against misleading or untrue
> statements concerning a product, its use, safety and
effectiveness."
> The ADA fails to disclose, however, its large revenues from
> manufacturers of the various commercial products with whom the ADA
> contracts in its Seal of Acceptance program.
>
> Among the manufacturers who receive the ADA Seal of Acceptance, and
> who pay revenues to the ADA, are several manufacturers of amalgam
> products. The revenues may affect the way the ADA promotes amalgam
> use. For example, in scientific journals, the ADA admits that some
> consumers are allergic to amalgam. But in its presentations to the
> public, the ADA pronounces amalgam as safe for all.
> The American Medical Association refuses to take money for
endorsing
> products, a position which allows the organization to maintain the
> appearance of integrity and objectivity. By contrast, the American
> Dental Association has chosen the opposite path to other health
> professions. It provides endorsements and receives monetary
payments
> from the manufacturers of the products it endorses. Also
significant
> is the fact that the ADA owns two patents on dental amalgam (since
> expired).
> Fourth, Defendants hide the controversy about the health effects of
> mercury. Even though the United States Public Health Service, other
> governments, scientific studies, and many dentists themselves
believe
> amalgam is dangerous for vulnerable populations or for everyone,
> defendants refuse to give both sides of this intense controversy.
The
> use of mercury amalgam is now subject to strong warnings by some
> mercury amalgam manufacturers, by the government of Canada, and by
> the California Dental Board:
> The manufacturer Dentsply issued the following warning:
> "Contraindication: The use of amalgam is contraindicated:
>
> In proximal or occlusal contact to dissimilar metal restorations.
>
> In patients with severe renal deficiency.
>
> In patients with known allergies to mercury.
>
> For retrograde or endodontic filling.
>
> As a filling material for cast crown.
>
> In children 6 and under
>
> In expectant mothers.
>
> The manufacturer Vivadent adds "nursing mothers" to its list of
> patients who should not receive amalgam.
> The government of Canada issued a report in 1996, a summary of
which
> it sent to every dentist in that country with a bilingual cover
> letter. The report recommended that dentists cease giving mercury
> amalgam fillings to children, pregnant women, and patients with
> kidney problems, braces, or mercury allergies.
> The California Dental Board sent a newsletter to all of its
dentists
> in June, 2000, warning of the "reproductive toxicity of the mercury
> contained in amalgam." The newsletter also stated:
> "[This newsletter article] suggest[s] that dentists discuss with
> their patients the percentage of mercury in amalgam and that
mercury
> and other substances used in dental offices are designated
hazardous
> under [California] Proposition 65. The Board encourages discussion
> between the dentist and patient regarding the potential sensitivity
> and allergic or adverse reactions to mercury by some patients."
>
> The manufacturer warnings by Dentsply, the recommendations of
Health
> Canada, and the newsletter of the California Dental Board are
> attached as Exhibits C, D, and E, respectively.
>
> Thus, defendants by their deceptions have a particularized effect
on
> unborn children, young children, and people with kidney problems or
> braces by declaring amalgam to be safe for all.
> Fifth, Defendants gag dentists who believe amalgam is dangerous.
> Defendants have taken outward and aggressive action to prevent any
> warnings from reaching the consumer. As such, while they may not
have
> actually produced and sold dental amalgam, they have actively
> marketed it through their seal of approval and through actively
> preventing dentists from communicating mercuryís dangers to their
> patients. This is particularly significant due to the unique
> structure of the medical industry. In the medical field, warnings
are
> rarely if ever communicated directly by the manufacturers to the
> ultimate consumers. In this industry warnings are communicated to
the
> healthcare provider and are then passed on to the patient.
> Defendant American Dental Association ("ADA"), headquartered in
> Illinois, is the largest ñ but far from the only ñ association of
> dentists in the United States. More than two-thirds of American
> dentists belong to the ADA, meaning that approximately one-third of
> American dentists belong to competing dental societies or to no
> dental societies at all. Approximately three-fourths of California
> dentists belong to the CDA., meaning approximately one-fourth do
not
> belong.
> Many dentists belong to dental societies which oppose the use of
> mercury in dentistry. Such societies include the International
> Academy for Oral Medicine and Toxicology, based in Orlando,
Florida;
> the American Academy of Biological Dentistry, based in Carmel,
> California; and the Holistic Dental Association, based in Colorado.
> Over a decade ago ñ- while its amalgam patents were in effect --
the
> ADA instituted a gag rule on its member dentists to limit its
members
> from discussing dangers of amalgam. Unbelievably, this was done
> through the guise of so-called "ethical" rules. Through the use of
> their mammoth economic and political power, the ADA and CDA have
been
> able to extend enforcement of the gag rule to the many dentists who
> are not ADA members. The major means is through state boards of
> dental examiners, a majority of whose members generally are
dentists
> and ADA members.
> Also, through their so-called "ethical" rules, Defendants prevented
> dentists from informing patients of the dangers of mercury by
> pronouncing as "unethical" the practice of even suggesting the
> removal of amalgam due to their toxicity.
> The provision is a gag rule. It prevents the dentist from
initiating
> conversations with patients about the mercury amalgam controversy,
> lest they then decide to have this toxic material removed from
their
> mouths. The provision is not aimed at stopping unnecessary dental
> practices. For example it would not prevent dentists from
suggesting
> amalgam removal for cosmetic or any other reasons, nor for inducing
> the consumer on any ground to spend money needlessly. The provision
> singles out amalgam in a way that it does for no other procedure.
No
> other part of the Code of Ethics, with specificity, addresses any
> other practices that could be considered unnecessary. The provision
> actually conflicts with several other provisions of the Code of
> Ethics. For example, the ADA Code of Ethics has the principle of
> nonmaleficence ("do no harm"). And said Code also requires its
member
> dentists to stay current on science, to report adverse reaction to
> any dental device, and to communicate truthfully ñ something that
may
> not be done if the dentist is gagged from talking about potential
> adverse reactions from amalgam.
> The ADA gag rule is contrary to medical standards. First, it says
> dentists may not initiate conversations about removing amalgam for
> health reasons, but the consumer may so request. The entire value
of
> a professional degree is to diagnose, then initiate discussions
about
> the diagnosis. The ADA has turned the approach used by medicine on
> its head for its own economic gain. Second, it says consumers may
> decide if the amalgam is removed, whether needed or not. Presumably
> the AMA does not countenance the removal of the appendix upon
> consumer request if the procedure is not needed.
> Even if scientific evidence merited this protectionist proviso in
> 1986, the ADA gag rule cannot be considered valid today, in light
of
> condemnation of mercury by Health Canada and warnings by
> manufacturers and the California Dental Board.
> The ADA gag rule has a widespread chilling effect beyond stopping
the
> removal of fillings. Plaintiff dentists and other mercury-free
> dentists risk their licenses by initiating

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