http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,1263753,00.html
Boys will be Girls - eventually

Extinction threat rises as creatures ingest 'gender-bending' chemicals
from plastics and pesticides

Mark Townsend
Sunday July 18, 2004
The Observer

Mother nature is taking over. An extraordinary feminisation process has
begun to affect Britain's wildlife - and scientists warn it could
ultimately dismantle the evolutionary process that has existed for 3.5
billion years.
A trend first noted in whelks is starting to spread rapidly among other
wildlife species in the food chain.

The first national survey of 42 rivers by the Environment Agency has
just been completed and it found that a third of male fish are growing
female reproductive tissues and organs. Effects were most pronounced in
younger fish, raising grave implications for future stocks.

Scientists now fear that seals, dolphins, otters, birds such as
peregrine falcons and even honey bees are heading towards a uni-sex
existence that would lead to extinction. Blame has fallen on the
increasing prevalence of a group of chemicals known as endocrine
disruptors. These are found in in plastics, food packaging, shampoos and
pesticides and accumulate in the environment. They can mimic the female
hormone oestrogen when ingested.

A reduction in the size of male genitals, a lower sex drive and parts of
the testes turning into ovary tissue are among the symptoms. As the
effect of the chemicals starts to creep up the food chain, concern will
mount over the potential effect on human health amid increasing evidence
of falling sperm counts and infertility among men.

Charles Tyler, professor of environmental and molecular fish biology at
the University of Exeter, who is leading an international team studying
the impact of so-called 'gender-bending' chemicals warns that a point
where a species can no longer reproduce is a very real concern.

'We have reached a crucial point. Now we are starting to see the
effects while only just starting to understand what is happening. This
poses a serious threat to species in some areas,' said Tyler.

Others studying the phenomena say the feminisation process is a warning
from nature that a nightmare is about to unfold. Pressure will again
resume this week on ministers to curb the use of 'gender-bending'
chemicals. Environmentalists will point to research revealing that honey
bees, so vital for the pollination of plants, were found to display a
lower sex drive with fewer eggs laid by the queen after exposure to
endocrine disruptors. They also point to recent studies involving
bottle-nosed dolphins in the North Sea. Again, the presence of chemicals
has been linked to an increase in birth defects, most notable among male
specimens, along with more infant deaths which has resulted in an ageing
of the population.

So far the government has agreed to fund studies into suspicions that
the otter's comeback after decades of decline will be hampered by the
feminising effects of the chemicals. A separate study has just been
funded into the dipper which feeds on fish taken from the rivers.

Tyler is among those who have complained that the huge gap in scientific
knowledge over gender bending pollutants has so far prevented any action
in the outlawing of chemicals.

Toxicology expert Andreas Kortenkamp of the University of London's
school of pharmacy, believes the government has 'grossly underestimated'
the chemicals' effects. He believes that current safeguards to protect
wildlife are grossly inadequate. In particular, he warns that nothing is
being done to calculate how cocktails of chemicals react in the
environment. More than 100,000 synthetic chemicals remain authorised for
use, with the European Union holding a list of 550 potential endocrine
disruptors. It is not yet known precisely which ones have altered the
male reproductive organs of bream, carp, roach and gudgeon or caused
hormone disruption among grey seal pups in the North Sea.

Bees were found to be affected by chemicals used commonly on crops in
the UK countryside.

The findings coincide with renewed concern over fertility levels among
men. Sperm counts have fallen by a third between 1989 and 2002,
according to some studies, while one in six British couples now
experiences difficulty in conceiving. Contaminated drinking water caused
by the by-products of the contraceptive pill flowing back into the
system is one of the the explanations put forward.

Justin Woolford, a spokesman for the World Wildlife Fund, said: 'What we
do to wildlife we ultimately do to ourselves.'

Yet almost two years have passed since the World Health Organisation
urged governments to investigate the effects of gender-bending
chemicals.