Having problems with message search?
This seems relevant
given Paul’s postings on EMF. What
I find interesting here is that there was a very significant effect on sleep,
which is attributed to melatonin production improvement when the magnetic
fields were reduced at night for PWC. Of
course this implicates the pineal gland!
And if magnetic field exposure lowers melatonin, then certainly it also
lowers other substances that are produced by the pineal gland, such as DMT and
MSH. If your MSH level is low you can
not defend as well against neurotoxins, such as toxic mold or Bb. So this makes me wonder about a two-pronged
situation with the CFS locations effect.
Maybe it is a combination of EMF and neurotoxins from mold, Bb, or other
sources .. ? This
might explain why some locations are better, as geomagnetics
can vary from place to place. Some
people believe that a person could experience some minor alterations in geomagnetics even within one area or even a neighborhood. And the entire geomagnetic field changes as
one moves closer to the equator (field lines change
from vertical in the northern latitudes to horizontal at the equator).
But what is also
interesting is that this magnetic field effect did not alter the fatigue levels
of the CFS. Perhaps that is just because
it was a short-term test.
--Kurt
Changes in Health Status in a Group of
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Chronic Fatigue Patients Following Removal of
Excessive 50 Hz magnetic field
Exposure
ImmuneSupport.com
Source: Journal of the
D.
Maisch, J. Podd, B. Rapley
In
December 1998, a paper published in the ACNEM Journal examined the hypothesis
that prolonged exposure to excessive 50 Hz (power line frequency) magnetic fields
may act as an immune system stressor giving rise to symptoms similar to those
reported in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) or Chronic Fatigue (CF).(1)
This
paper was based on a number of case histories, most notably a well-documented Workcare Compensation case (
The
present paper briefly reports the results of a small-scale pilot study
utilizing 49 subjects suffering from CFS or ongoing CF, who were exposed to
varying strength magnetic fields in their home environment.
Some subjects were found to have prolonged exposure to magnetic fields >2
mG (milliGauss), which was
used as a benchmark level. These subjects (Group A) were provided with advice
and assistance regarding reducing their exposure level.
The
remainder of the subjects (Group B: <2 mG exposure
level) were given no such advice or assistance. Changes in health status in
both groups were recorded over a 6-month period. Results from the data
collected at the start of the study showed no relationship between magnetic field
strength and CFS/CF symptom severity. However, the majority of Group A subjects
reported an improvement in symptoms and a marked improvement in sleep patterns,
possibly due to the decrease in exposure. These results are discussed in the
context of previous research showing disturbed sleep in the presence of magnetic fields.
Such disturbances may come about through the effect of magnetic fields on
melatonin secretion, a hormone involved in circadian functioning.
[KEY
WORDS: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS); electromagnetic fields
(EMF); power line frequency; sleep changes; melatonin.]
INTRODUCTION
Clinical
CFS is characterized by incapacitating fatigue (experienced as exhaustion and
extremely poor stamina) of at least 6 months duration, usually with an abrupt
onset accompanied by an ‘infectiouslike’
illness. It can affect virtually every major system in the body as
neurological, immunological, hormonal, gastro-intestinal, musculoskeletal, and
psychological problems have been reported. Many patients with CFS are unable to
work, whereas others continue to work at least part-time while drastically
curtailing social activities.
Symptoms
tend to wax and wane but are often severely debilitating and may last for many
months or years. All segments of the population (including children) are at
risk, but women under the age of 45 seem to be the most susceptible. As with
most diseases, CFS affects people differently. Not everybody reaches the severe
end of the CFS spectrum.
CFS
is also referred to as CFIDS (Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome),
CEBV (Chronic Epstein-Barr Virus), ME (Myalgic
Encephalomyelitis), as well as several other designations. It is a complex
illness which has been intensively studied for the past 40 years without firm
conclusions as to its cause. Diagnosis is largely by exclusion of other
possible diseases.
In
addition to persistent and extreme fatigue, other CFS symptoms identified
include the following: substantial impairment in short-term memory and
concentration, depression, sore throat, tender lymph nodes, muscle pain,
multi-joint pain without joint swelling or redness, unusual headaches, unrefreshing sleep, cognitive function problems (such as
spatial disorientation and impairment of speech and/or reasoning), visual
disturbances (blurring, sensitivity to light, eye pain), chills and night
sweats, dizziness and balance problems, sensitivity to heat and cold, irregular
heartbeat, abdominal pain, diarrhea, irritable bowel, low temperature, numbness
or a burning sensation in the face or extremities, dryness of the mouth and
eyes (Sicca syndrome), hearing disorders, menstrual
problems including PMS and endometriosis, hypersensitivity of the skin, chest
pains, rashes, allergies and sensitivities to odors (including chemicals and
medications), weight changes without changes in diet, hair loss,
lightheadedness, fainting, muscle twitching, and seizures.
Research
suggests that CFS results from a dysfunction of the immune system, involving a
disruption of fundamental Central Nervous System (CNS) mechanisms, such as the
sleep-wake cycle and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. One study found
that more than a quarter of CFS patients had abnormal brain scans and subtle
changes were found in the levels of neuroendocrine hormones.(3)
Other
research has found electrolyte disturbances which sometimes included permanent
changes in cell membranes’ ability to pass electrolytes, permanent
biochemical changes in mitochondrial function, and disturbances of insulin and
T3-thyroid hormone functions.(4)
Unlike
CFS, chronic fatigue (CF) is far more prevalent in the community and, as its
name suggests, is characterized mainly by an ongoing feeling of fatigue and
lack of energy that is not as debilitating as CFS. As there is no clear dividing
line between these two conditions, people suffering chronic fatigue can be
mistakenly diagnosed as having CFS.
We
have hypothesized that exposure to power line frequency magnetic fields in
the home and in the work place may be a co-factor to consider when treating
CFS/CF.3 The purpose of the present study was to begin the empirical
investigation of our hypothesis. We located a number of people currently being
treated by a medical practitioner for CFS/CF and then measured their exposure
to magnetic
fields in their homes. Because field studies of this type are
fraught with difficulties and possible confounds, we thought it prudent to
begin with a small sample pilot study to better identify any problems and to
develop leads for a future, larger investigation.
METHOD
Subjects
All
subjects were volunteers who initially heard about the pilot study through
doctors who were members of the
Subjects
were drawn from Melbourne (
Questionnaire
The
questionnaire consisted of two parts. First was a two page questionnaire (Bioscreen) that listed 86 symptoms, with a severity scale
of 0 to 4. Examples are: headaches, chest or heart pain, tinnitus or other
noises in the ear, unrefreshed or prolonged sleep,
allergies, forgetfulness, dermatitis, stress from work problems, symptoms of
irritable bowel, etc.
The
second part consisted of a further two pages that included questions on: length
of time living at present address, time since being diagnosed by doctor, length
of time with condition, brief description of symptoms felt, was onset gradual
or with an initial flulike illness, any indications
from blood tests of low iron levels, trouble sleeping, dreaming, feelings after
waking, do symptoms lessen when staying elsewhere. There were also questions on
type of employment, if any, use of cordless and mobile phones and time spent
using a computer as well as any symptoms felt after the extended use of a
computer.
Approximately
180 questionnaires were sent out to doctors who had been previously contacted
and had expressed possible interest for some of their patients. Fourteen were
sent out to individuals who had contacted us as a result of the notices placed
in CFS newsletters or discussions with CFS groups. In addition 8 were sent out
as a result of a radio interview in
magnetic field Measurement
All
measurements were taken with an F.W. Bell Triaxial
ELF magnetic
field meter. Where there were indications that the fields may
be changing over time, a Trifield meter was left with
subjects to check at different times for any fluctuations that might be
occurring. Only the measurements taken with the F.W. Bell meter were used in
the calculations.
For
both
Out
of the initial 14 subjects in group A, the nature of the individual exposure
sources made it possible to estimate that in 12 of the subjects their magnetic
exposure strength was likely to remain stable over time. For the remaining two,
additional measurements were made with the Trifield
meter left with them for this purpose. In several cases where the services of
an electrician and/or plumber were required to fix the source of excessive magnetic fields,
a later EMF survey was conducted to ensure that the fields were lowered or
eliminated.
RESULTS
A
detailed statistical analysis of the questionnaire data, carried out at
Of
the 49 subjects, 14 had prolonged magnetic field
exposures >2 mG (28%), and of these 14, 9 were
over 4 mG (18%). Interestingly, only 2 of the 14
exposure situations were due to proximity to power lines. This is in agreement
with the March 2001 British NRPB report that identified internal sources within
the home, not power lines, as being a significant source of exposure.(5)
Sources
of exposure for the 14 subjects exposed to <2 mG
(Group A):
•
one was solely from proximity to power lines (3.6 mG);
• one was from proximity to power lines and
conducting water piping (2.4 mG). Four were from the
bed head next to meter box (4.4 / 2.9 / 8.3 / 3.0 mG);
• two were from electrical return currents on
metal water pipes (2.2 / 6.6 mG);
• one was from a quartz halogen bedside light
(6.2 mG);
• two were from sleeping with an energized
electric blanket (8.7 / 20.6 mG);
• one was from a waterbed heater (6.6 mG);
• one was from a phone charger by the bed head
and water bed heater (5.0 mG);
• one was from a chair against a wall with high magnetic fields
from kitchen appliances on other side of the wall (9.6 mG).
Three
of the above 14 subjects were excluded from all further analyses for a variety
of reasons. (Unable to reduce exposure due to power line proximity, reduction
in exposure confounded by introduction of a gluten-free diet, a doubtful case
of CFS/CF.) The removal of these 3 left 11 subjects in group
A, with a group average exposure of 7.1 mG.
Group
B (exposure < 2 mG) consisted of 34 subjects, with
a group average exposure of 0.67 mG. One subject in
Group B was excluded from further analysis due to his just moving into new
home; so previous EMF exposure was unknown.
At
intervals up to 6 months subjects were contacted and asked about changes in
health/fatigue that may have occurred in the interim. These were classified in
three categories: no improvement (or worse), slight improvement, and definite
improvement.
The
greater improvement in group A is in agreement with recent Swedish research
that found in persons apparently hypersensitive to electricity, intensive
electrical environments intensified their symptoms, and that a reduction of
electromagnetic
fields in the living and workplace environment seemed to be
highly positive as a means for rehabilitation.(6,7)
Sleep changes
An
unexpected change in this pilot study was a marked improvement in sleep quality
for the group A subjects: 64% reported an improvement
in sleep while only 12 % reported a similar effect in Group B. Interestingly, 4
subjects (36%) in Group A reported an end to tinnitus at night after reduction
of magnetic
field levels.
It
is instructive to examine the comments made by Group A
subjects who experienced an improved sleep quality in a little more detail:
Subject
#4: No real change to fatigue but noticed better sleep, less time awake while
in bed, sleeps more soundly, easier to get back to sleep. (Bed head was by
meter box, 4.4 mG.)
Subject
#5: No longer suffers from tinnitus, or ‘buzzing’ in body at night,
better sleep - deeper and wake in the morning easier. Very
sure of an improvement. Not much difference in fatigue though. (Used
heated water bed, 6.6 mG.)
Subject
#7: Sleeping much better, deeper, waking more refreshed, more energy, headaches
less frequent, tinnitus at night ended. (Transformer was by bed head and used
heated water bed, 5.0 mG.)
Subject
#9: Excellent - back to normal, no longer lying awake at night trying to get
back to sleep, no longer has ear ringing at night, energy returned. (Bed head
was by meter box, 8.3 mG.)
Subject
#28: Sleeping really well now, longer, dreaming with less anxiety, less vivid,
less fatigue, now sleeps 10 hours a night without waking, hasn’t been
sick for quite a time now. (Electric blanket left on at night, 20.6 mG.)
Subject
#41: Dramatic improvement, feeling better with slight improvement in sleep,
more deeper and longer, energy levels better, slow and steady improvement,
overall 70-80% improvement. (Bed head by meter box, 3.3 mG.)
Subject
#47: Sleeping better, having vivid dreams, never before remember dreaming,
thinking more focused and clear, buzzing and tingling at night gone, no head
noises, no foggy feeling, no longer trying to think through cotton wool, do not
need to fight in order to be clear headed, still have tiredness, fatigue.
(Electrical
return currents on water pipes, 6.6 mG.)
These
changes would seem to be a direct consequence of removal of previous night-time
magnetic
fields; they do not appear to be directly related to fatigue.
In other words, a marked improvement in sleep does not necessarily mean an
improvement in fatigue, at least in the short term.
DISCUSSION
The
present investigation did not find any dose-response relationships between
severity of CFS/CF symptoms and magnetic field
strength. Nor were any particular symptoms linked to exposure level. In future
studies, attention must be given not only to point exposure levels in the home,
but to how long residents are exposed and what other sources of exposure there
might be (e.g. the workplace).
It
is notoriously difficult to establish dose-response relationships in magnetic field
research with humans, but before accepting that such relationships are
nonexistent, we must be sure of the quality of our exposure measurements.
The
most interesting result to come out of this pilot study was the apparent effect
of reducing magnetic field exposure on sleep, though it is
possible that Group A’s improvement might have been due in part to the
fact that they knew that they were being ‘treated’ (i.e. fields
reduced).
Sleep
is not a matter of simply switching off the brain; it is a complex process that
involves stages of deep and light sleep that occur over a full sleep cycle of
about 8 hours for most adults. The later stages of this cycle are crucial for
physical recovery and psychological wellbeing. Any factor that interrupts the
cycle can cause physical and physiological effects such as fatigue, dizziness,
inability to concentrate, perceptual changes, mood changes, etc.(8)
The
question of whether power line magnetic fields can affect sleep
was specifically examined in a paper titled: “A 50-Hz electromagnetic field
impairs sleep”, published in the Journal of Sleep Research in 1999. The
researchers took 18 healthy adults (8 females, 10 males, age range 18-50 years)
who were good sleepers and compared their sleep with and without exposure to a
10 mG magnetic field (one
night on - one night off). The results clearly showed a significant reduction
in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, stages 3 and 4 slow wave sleep, and slow
wave activity.
Circulating
levels of melatonin, growth hormone, prolactin,
testosterone and cortisol were not affected. The
authors concluded that “commonly occurring low frequency electromagnetic fields
may interfere with sleep”.
The
authors point out that, as this study was conducted with healthy volunteers
using only one night of exposure, patient groups exposed over a longer period
might be more sensitive. Furthermore, it is conceivable that increased
intensity of the field or of duration of exposure might yield larger effects.9 The fact that hormone levels were unaffected after the one
night’s exposure is in agreement with the findings of Wilson, Stevens and
co-workers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, in
Sleep
problems were also reported in a study published in the European Journal of Internal Medicine in
2000. Here, it was found that many people living near twin 400 kV transmission
lines in
Besides
tiredness/fatigue, one of the symptoms commonly reported by subjects
(especially children) was an inability to sleep. It was especially noted that
the insomnia would disappear when the power level was lower than usual, and
return when the level normalized. The children slept normally when sent to
grandparents’ or relatives’ homes.(13)
If
indications are that only one night’s exposure to a 50 Hz magnetic field
can cause observable sleep impairment in healthy people, what might be the
effects from prolonged exposure (years) on people with compromised immune
systems, such as with CFS?
Melatonin
One
possible way a magnetic field could affect sleep is by affecting the
production of melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland. The pineal
gland is the major control gland over this cycle, with melatonin production
controlled by signals from the postganglionic sympathetic fibers (neurons)
connected to the hormone-producing cells of the pineal gland. The firing rate
of the incoming neurons varies according to the phase of the light/dark cycle.
At night, these neurons exhibit an increased rate of firing, inducing the
release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine,
leading to a rise in melatonin production.(14,15)
During
the day, light falling on photoreceptor cells in the retina produces signals
that quell the firing rate of the sympathetic neurons and, as a result,
melatonin production and secretion remain low. The
differential firing of the neurons between the day and night accounts for the
circadian rhythm in melatonin production. The day/night variation in
pineal melatonin synthesis is characteristic of all [diurnal] mammalian
species, including man.(16)
Shortly
after its production, melatonin quickly enters the blood stream and gains
access to all bodily fluids and therefore every cell, and cell nucleus, in the
body.(17) The ability to enter every cell in the body
is important for melatonin’s function as an antioxidant, scavenging
highly toxic, oxygen-based free radicals produced as a consequence of the
utilization of oxygen by all organisms.(18,19,20)
Unchecked,
free radicals can damage macromolecules such as DNA, proteins and lipids,
through a process referred to as oxidative stress. Besides its role as an
anti-oxidant, melatonin is also known for its sleep-enhancing property.21 This may explain the phenomenon of jet-lag, where
individuals fly through several time zones to end up at a place in which the
body’s circadian rhythms are temporarily out of phase with the new
location’s day/night cycle.
During
the re-adjustment time, humans experience several signs, among them difficulty
sleeping, and it is believed that the disturbance of the melatonin rhythm is
partially responsible for this.(22)
In
a paper on melatonin suppression by static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields,
Reiter states: “Epidemiologists should look for other possible changes,
including psychological depression, fatigue, sleep inefficiency, chronic
feelings of jet lag, endocrine disturbances and other symptoms; all these may
result from a chronically low melatonin rhythm”.(23)
Thus,
magnetic
field effects might be implicated in a wide range of
disorders through their effect on melatonin. There are now several studies
which strongly suggest that these very low frequency fields can indeed suppress
melatonin.
At
a workshop on electromagnetic fields, light-at-night, and human
breast cancer (1997), Dr.
At
the Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine
(1997), Japanese researchers from the Faculty of Medicine,
The
participants were 9 healthy male volunteers, aged between 23 and 37. It was
found that exposure to magnetic fields, of the intensity
generated by the electric blanket, suppressed peak value and/or delayed
melatonin rhythm in 7 out of 8 subjects. They concluded that: “The
present findings may suggest a possibility that exposure to ELF-EMF [extremely
low frequency electromagnetic fields] by electric blankets, if
magnitude and duration are sufficient, could lead to changes in melatonin
production and its rhythm, at least in highly sensitive individuals”.(26)
A
preliminary study of 60 workers at a Finnish garment factory found “a
highly significant effect” of electromagnetic fields in
reducing nocturnal melatonin levels. magnetic field
measurements were taken for the two types of machines used in the factory and
operators were assigned to high or low exposure groups, based on the type of
machine they were using, with average exposures either above of below 10 mG. Non-exposed non-industrial workers were used as
controls.
The
results showed strong effects of both magnetic field
exposure and smoking on night time levels of melatonin. No difference was found
in melatonin levels on week nights and Sunday nights, indicating “that
the possible suppression caused by magnetic field
exposure is chronic, with little recovery during the weekend”.(27)
Finally,
in a study of 192 electric utility workers, Reif and
Burch, from
Some
studies have suggested that electromagnetic effects on melatonin may depend on
whether the field is continuous or intermittent. Reif
and Burch found that magnetic fields in the home that were
“temporally coherent” (less intermittent) had a very significant
association with lower melatonin levels at night. They concluded that:
“The intensity and temporal characteristics of magnetic fields
appear to be involved in melatonin suppression”.(28)
In
the concluding remarks of the book, The
Melatonin Hypothesis: Breast Cancer and Use of Electric Power
(1997), the authors wrote: “The electromagnetic spectrum, particularly in
the visible range, suppresses melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland of all
vertebrates, including man. Thus, electromagnetic energy has an important
function in controlling the internal milieu of vertebrates… A major
challenge of future research is to define the health effects of changes in
melatonin production, and to determine whether wavelengths outside the visible
range reproducibly alter the circadian synthesis of this important chemical
mediator.”(29)
In
summary, our findings of improved sleep patterns when relatively strong magnetic fields
were reduced in the home at night, can be accounted
for in terms of an increase in melatonin secretion, which enabled better
quality sleep. Of course, at this juncture, such a conclusion is speculative.
We hope to incorporate melatonin assays in our future work. Melatonin levels should
correlate positively with sleep duration and quality
and be negatively correlated with magnetic field
intensity and/or duration.
CONCLUSIONS
The
present study had quite limited aims, being a pilot for a more ambitious future
investigation. That we found no relationship between exposure level and symptom
severity was not entirely surprising. Clearly, our method of assessing exposure
level and duration of exposure to magnetic fields must
encompass more than an assessment of average exposure based on one or two
readings. If possible, the full-scale investigation being planned will use
meters that can be carried by subjects and which can store many readings across
the course of a day. Only then can we be sure that there is no dose-response
relationship between CFS symptoms and field levels.
Undoubtedly,
the most interesting and exciting finding was that relatively strong magnetic fields
may impair sleep. Although caution is required in drawing conclusions from such
a limited sample, the results suggest that it may be worthwhile to directly
assess circulating melatonin levels in future studies.
The
effects of magnetic
fields on the human body and central nervous system are
likely to be subtle. Thus, any study in this area must be mindful of sample
size. Large samples are required to provide sufficient statistical power to
detect what are probably very small effects. That said, even small effects
operating as co-factors in a severe illness may be enough to have a devastating
impact. Therefore, it seems to us that a carefully controlled, large-scale
investigation of magnetic field exposure as a co-factor in
CFS and other related disorders is warranted.
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