Predistlovie:
Foreword:
So svremeni vykhoda v svet pervogo izdaniia knigi, pozviashchennoi moskitam Sovetskogo Soiuza i sopredel'nykh stran, voshedshei v sostav serii 'fauna SSSR' proshlo bolee 25 let.
More than 25 years have passed since the publication of the first edition of the book on sandflies of the Soviet Union and Adjecent countries (in 'Fauna of the USSR)
Za istekshii period izuchenie etikh nasekomykh znachitel'no prodvinulos' vpered.
The study of sandflies has advanced considerably during this period.
Opisany novye vidy, vyiavlennye v SSSR i drugikh stranakh.
New species from the USSR and other countries have been described.
Ustraneny otdel'nye oshibki imevshie mesto pri opisaniiakh i identifikatsii ranee naidennykh form; varietety, ne svedennye v sinonimy, rassmatrivaiutsia seichas kak gegraficheskie rasy.
Errors in descriptions and identifications of older species have been corrected and varieties which were not made synonymous are now regarded as geographical races.
V noveishikh rabotakh po sistematike moskitov rech' idet tol'ko o vidakh i podvidakh.
The modern literature on the systematics of sandflies deals only with species and subspecies.
Mnogo novykh dannykh polucheno po biologii, ekologii vidov i ikh patogennomu znacheniiu.
Many new data have been obtained on the biology and ecology of species and their pathogenic importance.
Razraboany bolee sovershennye metody bor'by s. moskitami: dokazany polnaia vozmozhnost' i real'nost' unichtozheniia etikh perenoschikov v raionakh planomernogo osushchestvleniia protivomoskitnykh meropriiatii.
More advanced methods of control have been developed: it has been shown that these methods are both practical and effective if systematically applied.
Odnovremenno v rabotakh poslednykh let razlichnye avtory privlekaiut vnimanie k vidam, do sikh por eshche nedostatochno polno okharakterizovannym i podlezhashchim peresmotru.
The taxonomy of insufficiently described species has been revised.
Est' vidy i osobenno podvidy, opisanie kotorykh trebuet podolnitel'noi morfologicheskoi i ekologicheskoi kharakteristik i utochneniia dokazatel'stvikh samostoiatel'nosti.
The description of some species (and especially subspecies) had to be supplemented by morphological and ecological data and their status revised.
Net edinogo vzgliada na klassifikatsiiu moskitov.
There is no general agreement on the classification of sandflies.
Ostiaiutsia slabo izuchennymi lichinki moskitov Starogo Sveta.
The larvae of Old World sandflies are little known.
Ne khvataet svedenii dlia podrobnogo opisaniia geograficheskogo rasprostraneniia vidov.
We also lack data on the exact geographical distribution of many species.
Naruzhnoe stroenie.
External Morphology.
Lichinok moskitov vpervye opisal B. Grassi v svoei klassicheskoi monografii, posviashchennoi
Phlebotomus papatasi.
The larvae were first described by Grassi in his classical monograph on Phlebotomus papatasi.
Vposledstvii na kharakeristike lichinok ostanavliivalis' Kh. Uittinkhem i A. Ruk (....) R. N'iustid (Newstead), Zh. kolabel'kur (Colas-Belcour), E. Abonnenc (?), O. Teodor, F. I. Shevchenko, A. I. Lisova, P.P. Perfil'ev i dr.
The following authors later described the morphology and anatomy of larvae: Whittingham and Rook (1922), Newstead, Colas-Belcour, Abonnenc, Theodor, Shevchenko, Lisova, Perfil'ev and others.
No vse zhe rabot, posviashchennykh predimaginal'nym stadiiam moskitov, malo lichinki okharakterizovany lish' dlia edinichnykh vidov moskitov Starogo Sveta. Tak, est' opisanie lichinok P. papatasi, P. sergenti, P. chinensis, P. grammi, P. major, Sergentomyia minuta -- moskitov, raspostranennykh v SSSR, i neskol'kikh vidov, ne vslrechaiushchikhsia v nashei strane, kak naprimer P. argentipes.
However, there are only a few publications dealing with the pre-imaginal stages of sandflies; only descriptions of the larvae of a few Old World species exist, e.g., P. papatasi, P. sergenti, P. chinensis, P. grimmi, P. major and P. minuta, which occur in the USSR, and several species which do not occur in the USSR such as P. argentipes.
Vse lichinki chrezvychaino skodny mezhdu soboiu i ochen' pokhozi na lichinok moskitov Novogo Sveta, opisannykh dlia preobladaiushchego chisla rasprostranennykh tam form.
The larvae of all species closely resemble each other and are very similar to larvae of New World sandflies (described for about 20 species).
Po svoem vneshnemu vidu lichinki moskitov napomiaiut melkikh rusenits babochek.
Sandfly larvae resemble small caterpillars.
Golova lichinki moskita raspolozhena vertikal'no, rotovym otverstiem vniz.
The head of the sandfly larva is hypognathous; the mouth is situated ventrally.
Ee udlinenno-tsilindricheskoe telo sostoit iz segmentov, sredi kotorykh otchetlivo mozhno razlichit' tri grudnyk i deviat' briushnykh.
Body elongate-cylindrical; segmented, divided into 3 thoracic and 9 abdominal segments.
Grudnye segmenty snabzheny polzatel'nymi bugrami, a pervye cem' briushnykh -- iozhnymi nozhkami.
The thoracic segments bear tubercules for crawling; the first 7 abdominal segments bear pseudopods.
Deviatyi segment neset dlinnye kaudal'nye shchetinki, igraiushcheie, po mneniiu nekotorykh avtorov, zashchitnuiu rol', poskol'ku lichinki sbrasyvaiut imi napolzaiushchikh na nikh kleshchei.
Abdominal segment 9 bears long caudal setae which are, according to some authors, organs of defense with which the larva frees itself of mites.
No est' vyskazivannia i o tom, chto shchetinki igraiut rol' osiazatel'nykh organov.
Others think that these setae are tactile organs.
Golova i telo lichinki pokryty mnogochislennymi voloskami raznogo stroeniia sredi kotorykh preobladaiut tak nazyvaemye shipovatye voloski (ris. 31, 32).
Head and body of the larva are covered with hairs of varying structure, among which so-called spinulose hairs predominate (figs. 31, 32).
V svoem razvitii lichinka prokhodit chetyre vozrasta, liniaet chetyre raza i posle chetvertoi lin'ki prerashchaetsia v kukolku.
The development of the larva comprises 4 instars; the 4th molt is followed by the pupal stage.
Vosrastnye razlichiia lichinok svodiatsia k razmeram golovy, obshchim razmeram tela, dline voloskov i kaudal'nykh shchetinok, chislu shipikov svobodnogo kraia deviatogo tergita i stepeni pigmentatsii poslednogo.
The instars differ in the size of the head and body, length of hairs and caudal bristles, number of spinules on the posterior margin of tergum 9 and pigmentation.
Lichinkam pervogo vozrasta prisuschi nekotorye osobennosti stroeniia, rezko otlichaiushchie ee ot posleduiushchikh vozrastov: tak, u nee imeetsia iaitsevoi zub, sbrasyvaemyi posle kaudal'nykh vozrastov, piat' zubtsov na verkhnei cheliusti vmesto chetyreh, svoistvennykh trem drugim vosrastam inoi formy tretii chlenik usikov i neskol'ko umen'shchennoe obshchee chislo voloskov tela.
The 1st stage larva possesses several characters which distinguish it from the later stages: it has an egg tooth which is lost after the 1st molt, one pair of caudal bristles (the other stages have 2 pairs), five denticles on the mandible instead of fouir as in the other stages, a different form of the third antennal segment, and a smaller number of hairs on the body.
Vidovye osobennosti zakliuchaiutsia v raspolozhenii shipikov na khitinovoi kapsule golovy, v stroenii i vzaimoraspolozhenii voloskov golovy, dline voloskov tela, v dline kaudal'nykh shetinok i v stroenii tergita deviatogo segmenta.
Species differ in the arrangement of spinules on the head, the structure and chaetotaxy of hairs on the head, structure and length of hairs on the body, length of caudal bristles and the form of tergum 9.
(Perfil'ev PP, Fauna SSSR Nasekomye dvukhryle, Phlebotomidae (Sandflies), Moskva-Leningrad: Izd vo Akedemii nauk SSSR, trans. Anastos G, Washington, D.C.: American Institue of Biological Sciences, (1968)
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