about second Ramazzini cancer rat study, M. Nathaniel Mead: Morando
Soffritti: Murray 2007.10.09
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1478

www.ehponline.org/docs/2007/115-9/EHP115pa460PDF.PDF
http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2007/115-9/ss.html#aspa

Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 115, Number 9, September 2007

EnviroNews Science Selections

Aspartame Cancer Risks Revisited
Prenatal Exposure May Be Greatest Concern

M. Nathaniel Mead

Aspartame is an artificial sweetener used in more than 6,000 diet
products, beverages, and pharmaceuticals.

In March 2006, EHP published the first compelling experimental evidence
for the carcinogenic effects of aspartame at a dose level within range
of human daily intake [EHP 14:379–385; Soffritti et al.].

A second animal study by the same research team now indicates that the
carcinogenic effects of aspartame are magnified when exposure begins
during fetal life [EHP 115:1293–1297; Soffritti et al.].
http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2007/10271/abstract.html/

The first study involved a much larger sample size than had been used in
previous experiments.

It showed a dose-related increase in the incidence of various malignant
tumors in female rats fed aspartame from 8 weeks of age until natural death.

The experiment was impressive for its long observation period and
comprehensive assessment of aspartame's carcinogenic potential.

Nevertheless, as the researchers acknowledged, the study did not take
into account prenatal or perinatal exposures.

In the new study, the investigators added aspartame to the standard
diets of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats from the twelfth day of
fetal life until natural death.

Rats were fed in groups of 70 to 95 each at aspartame concentrations of
2,000, 400, and 0 ppm -- approximately equivalent to a daily intake of
100, 20, or 0 mg/kg body weight.

The current limits for acceptable daily intake are set at 50 mg/kg body
weight in the United States and 40 mg/kg body weight in Europe.

The researchers report that rats fed at the 400 ppm level showed
nonsignificant increases in malignancies.

For animals fed at the 2,000 ppm level, there was a significant increase
in the incidence of lymphomas/leukemias and malignant mammary tumors.

Furthermore, compared with the team's earlier study in which animals
were dosed post natally only, the incidence of animals bearing
lymphomas/leukemias increased from 18.7% to 31.4%.

The 2,000 ppm level corresponds to an assumed daily intake of 100 mg/kg
body weight -- approximately the equivalent of a 45-pound child drinking
5 cans of diet soda or a 150-pound adult consuming 14 packets of
sweetener per day.

Although recent epidemiologic studies have not found an association
between aspartame and human cancers, those studies were not designed to
measure cancer risks associated with fetal exposures.

The public health implications of the new findings are considerable.

Currently, more than 200 million people regularly consume aspartame, and
children and women of childbearing age (which presumably includes many
who are pregnant and breastfeeding) are among the major consumers.

If the U.S. FDA were to conclude that exposure to aspartame causes
cancer in rodents, the agency would be required by law to revoke its
approval for the popular sweetener.


www.harpercollins.com/authors/28373/M_Nathaniel_Mead/index.aspx

Mark Nathaniel Mead, MSc, is a nutrition educator, consultant, and
writer who has contributed to Natural Health, Utne Reader, American
Health, Integrative Cancer Therapies, and many other publications.


www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1392271

Environ Health Perspect. 2006 March; 114(3): A176.
Copyright This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and
redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose.
Environews Science Selections
Sour Finding on Popular Sweetener: Increased Cancer Incidence Associated
with Low-Dose Aspartame Intake
M. Nathaniel Mead


www.ramazzini.it/fondazione/blogDetail.asp?id=22

Blog

June 14, 2007
Ask the authors -- Q&A on second aspartame study

A second ERF study on the artificial sweetener aspartame, entitled
"Lifespan Exposure to Low Doses of Aspartame Beginning During Prenatal
Life Increases Cancer Effects in Rats" has been accepted for publication
in Environmental Health Perspectives.

The full text of the article is available online at:
http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2007/10271/abstract.html

Recognizing that the public may have difficulty interpreting scientific
literature, the authors of the study invite the public to ask questions
about the study via blog.
We will do our best to respond to all inquiries.

Posted/Inserito: 14:14
Tagged as/Classificato come: Nutrition

Comments/Commenti:
Kim Spencer
United States of America
submitted: June 14, 2007

I read that these rats consumed 2000 and 400 ppm of aspartame. What does
that mean for humans? Aren't those numbers higher than anything I would
ever eat or drink?

response by Morando Soffritti, European Ramazzini Foundation, June 14, 2007:

Your question is very important.

Rather than ppm (parts per million), it is easier to think of aspartame
consumption in terms of mg/kg of body weight.

In our second aspartame study, we tested two dose levels and a control
group.

The highest dose level, 2000 ppm is equivalent to 100 mg/kg of body weight.

The lower dose level, 400 ppm is equivalent to 20 mg/kg of body weight.

In the USA, the acceptable daily intake for aspartame is set at 50 mg/kg
of body weight.

In the EU, it is 40 mg/kg of body weight.

What does that mean for humans?

Many people have tried to estimate aspartame consumption in terms of
cans of soda.

I think it is instead important to consider that aspartame is present
not only in diet soft drinks, but in more than 6,000 products, including
500 pharmaceutical products.

Following an average diet, it is actually quite easy for a person to
reach or exceed the ADI, especially children who have a lower body weight.

Consider the following: 2 cans of diet soda, 1 light yogurt, 1 diet
dessert, 4 packets of aspartame in coffee throughout the day, 10 candies
or pieces of chewing gum.

The aspartame content in the above totals 910 mg.

For a woman weighing 50 kg (110 pounds), aspartame consumption totals
18.2 mg/kg body weight.

For a child weighing 20 kg (44 pounds), the aspartame consumption is
45.5 mg/kg body weight, already exceeding the ADI in Europe.

Moreover, it is important to note that in both studies conducted by the
European Ramazzini Foundation, carcinogenic effects were observed very
close to the ADI for humans.

Catherine
United States of America
submitted: June 20, 2007

Isn't it true that certain animals metabolize drugs or other substances
differently from the way humans do?
For instance, a dog take a much higher dose of an antibiotic than would
be expected by weight compared to what humans take.
Another example -- My understanding is that rats (and some other
animals) have faster metabolisms.
So when it is cited in a drug study that the lab rats were given 20
times the dose normally given to a human before showing signs of
carcinogenicity what isn't being said is that for rats, it was not a
high dose.
Is this correct? Thanks.

Angela Brown
Australia
submitted: June 20, 2007

2nd study started from 12 day of fetal life.

Have behaviours of proteins or amino acids (like phenylalanine) been
investigated at this very early age?

Dan Blundell
United Kingdom
submitted: June 21, 2007

Don't studies on humans show that aspartame is safe? Can results from
Sprague-Dawley rats be translated to people?

response by Morando Soffritti, European Ramazzini Foundation, June 21, 2007:

According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of
the World Health Organization, results of long-term bioassays conducted
on rodents (rats and mice) are highly predictive of carcinogenic risk
for humans.

In fact, one third of the chemicals considered by IARC to be
carcinogenic in humans were anticipated by rodent studies.

Agents first demonstrated to be carcinogenic in humans on the other
hand, were later confirmed to also be carcinogenic in rodents.

With regard to your question on epidemiological data, I believe you are
referring to a study published by the US National Cancer Institute.

This study was based on a vast number of self-administered diet
questionnaires mailed from 1995 to 1996 to persons aged 50-71.

One question concerns the consumption of beverages potentially
containing APM during the previous year.

The study concluded that APM does not increase hematopoietic or brain
cancer risks.

Given the timeframe of the surveys and the commercialization of
aspartame in the 1980s, the subjects' potential use of the sweetener
could not have exceeded 10-15 years.

It is difficult to think that this limited adult exposure to APM could
evidence or exclude a potential carcinogenic risk.


Macha Roesink
Netherlands
submitted: July 10, 2007

How dangerous is aspartaam for babies (7 kg) when their mother (75kg)
drinks 1 liter a day (twice a week) a yoghurt drink sweetened with only
aspartame and the baby is only breast fed?
Thanks a lot in advance for your answer!

Helena Davidova
Czech Republic
submitted: July 12, 2007

U.S. Food and Drug Administration declared in 80s that aspartame may
cause brain damage.
FDA refused many times to permit aspartame for public use.
But after Donald Rumsfeld, who was a chief executive officer in G.D
Searle( which developped aspartame)started working for FDA -- what a
miracle -- aspartame was given a free way to consumers!
I am very surprised that media ignore this new study and these old
information.
Could it be dangerous to dig a little bit deeper?
Good luck to all, sincerely Davidova

Valintino
submitted: July 19, 2007

Hello, Your site is great. Regards, Valintino Guxxi

Mercedes Pierre
Argentina
submitted: July 30, 2007

Little is known about your findings at grass-roots levels in my country.
I'd like to know if your foundation has had contact with medical
institutions or similar foundations here which should publicize your
studies and warn local authorities about all the risks aspartame has to
our health.
Thanks for all the information on your site, which I use for translation
with some of my courses in technical schools in Buenos Aires City -- the
article published by "The Guardian" on electromagnetic radiation was
great, not only to teach the passive voice but also to raise their
awareness about the use or rather abuse of mobile phones.

AK
United Kingdom
submitted: August 01, 2007

This may sound a bit silly to some people, but several years ago I was
on travels in the East and met a holy man with an illustrious reputation
who used to 'heal' people.
I don't remember in what context his statement came about, but I
remember him telling us that ALL refined sugars (white sugar or
chemically purified sugars) are the main cause for cancer...
Ever since, I've avoided white sugar in particular.
I have a relative who works within science in Europe, and told our
family years ago that artificial sweeteners are really bad for us --
worse than regular sugar.
I can't even imagine what we get into us from food and drinks that all
the insane things companies invent to sell their products!
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


13 mainstream research studies in 24 months showing aspartame toxicity,
also 3 relevant studies on methanol and formaldehyde: Murray 2007.10.09
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1464

resia.pretorius@...,j.o.warner@...,tara.dean@...,jsteven@\
soton.ac.uk,crcfr@...,inchildh@...,stsakir@...,
biochem@...,katalin_gombos@...,niecl1022@...,step@su\
n5.ibp.ac.cn,liuy@...,sperrett@...,herq@...,
aritaven@...,w.g.mclean@...,c.v.howard@...,dom@...\
.uk,karenlau@...,

cogliano@...,grosse@...,baan@...,straif@...,secretan@...,elg\
hissassi@...,cie@...,chhabrar@...,john.cocker@...,
dnc@...,Rconolly@...,pdemers@...,david.eastmond@...\
u,faustman@...,gerinm@...,
marcel.goldberg@...,bdgold@...,roland.grafstrom@...,\
johnni@...,tjunghans@...,dkrewski@...,solin@...,
martine.reynier@...,yshaham@...,lstayner@...,wolf.doug@...,


Aspartame toxicity was shown in thirteen detailed mainstream research
studies in 24 months in work by expert teams in South Africa, England,
Italy, Greece, Hungary, and Mexico.

Very little has been publicized in mass print and broadcast media.

Also highly relevant are a study in South Korea that finds levels of
methanol similar to those from aspartame drinks cause the hangovers from
alcohol drinks, a study in China on Alzheimer's type damage in nerve
cells from low dose formaldehyde, and an IARC review by 25 experts that
determines formaldehyde to be a human carcinogen.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Sep; 15(9): 1654-9.
Comment in:
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Jul; 16(7): 1527-8;
author reply 1528-9.
Consumption of aspartame-containing beverages and incidence of
hematopoietic and brain malignancies.
Lim U, Subar AF, Mouw T, Hartge P, Morton LM, Stolzenberg-Solomon R,
Campbell D, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A.
Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences,
National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Boulevard, EPN 4005,
Rockville, MD 20852-7344, USA. PMID: 16985027

Unhee Lim 1,
Amy F. Subar 2, subara@...,
Traci Mouw 1,
Patricia Hartge 1,
Lindsay M. Morton 1,
Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon 1,
David Campbell 3,
Albert R. Hollenbeck 4
and Arthur Schatzkin 1

1 Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics,

2 Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer
Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services;

3 Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, Maryland; and

4 AARP, Washington, District of Columbia

Requests for reprints: Amy Subar,
Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences,
National Cancer Institute,
6130 Executive Boulevard, EPN 4005, Rockville, MD 20852-7344.
Phone: 301-594-0831; Fax: 301-435-3710. E-mail: subara@...

http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/15/9/1654 free full text

BACKGROUND:
In a few animal experiments, aspartame has been linked to hematopoietic
and brain cancers.

Most animal studies have found no increase in the risk of these or other
cancers.

Data on humans are sparse for either cancer.

Concern lingers regarding this widely used artificial sweetener.

OBJECTIVE:
We investigated prospectively whether aspartame consumption is
associated with the risk of hematopoietic cancers or gliomas (malignant
brain cancer).

METHODS:
We examined 285,079 men and 188,905 women ages 50 to 71 years in the
NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort

Daily aspartame intake was derived from responses to a baseline
self-administered food frequency questionnaire that queried consumption
of four aspartame-containing beverages (soda, fruit drinks, sweetened
iced tea, and aspartame added to hot coffee and tea) during the past year.

Histologically confirmed incident cancers were identified from eight
state cancer registries.

Multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals
(CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression that
adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, and history of diabetes.

RESULTS:
During over 5 years of follow-up (1995-2000), 1,888 hematopoietic
cancers and 315 malignant gliomas were ascertained.

Higher levels of aspartame intake were not associated with the risk of
overall hematopoietic cancer
( RR for over 600 mg/d, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.76 - 1.27 ),
glioma ( RR for over 400 mg/d, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.46 - 1.15;
P for inverse linear trend = 0.05 ),
or their subtypes in men and women.

CONCLUSIONS:
Our findings do not support the hypothesis that aspartame increases
hematopoietic or brain cancer risk. PMID: 16985027

"We cannot exclude the possibility that higher aspartame consumption
than that observed in this study may be associated with an elevated risk
of hematopoietic or brain cancers.

In the laboratory study with positive findings, animals were fed doses
starting from 4 mg up to 5,000 mg per kg body weight.

Significantly elevated lymphomas and leukemias were observed in female
rats fed 20 mg of aspartame and higher ( e.g., 1,200 mg for humans
weighing 60 kg or 132 lb; refs. 13, 14 ).

The reported aspartame intake in our data ranged from 0 to 3,400 mg/d
with sparse numbers in the upper intake categories
( under 1% consuming over 1,200 mg/d ).

However, we did not detect any increase in risk estimates in the highest
categories ( over 1,200 or 2,000 mg/d, which is equivalent to ~7 to 11
cans of soft drinks daily) compared with the lowest categories,
and the associations were similarly null in both men and women."

[ 19,000 people, the 4% of users of aspartame who drink average 5 cans
daily, have more problems in NIH AARP study of 474,000 people: Murray
2007.09.21
http://RMForAll.blogspot.com September 21, 2007
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1475


This is the first good data about the percentage of aspartame users who
use over 3 cans daily, averaging 5 cans daily at 200 mg per 12 oz can
diet soda.

About 4% of 473,984 is 19,000 people, with a peak intake of 17 cans
daily, and average 5 cans daily.

It would be worthwhile to investigate a wide variety of symptoms for the
0.1% of highest level users, about 2,000 people.

For about 200 million USA aspartame users, this would be 200,000 people.

Table 1 reveals consistent increase in problems from

--------------------- zero to (400 - 600) to (over 600) mg/d
aspartame intake:

% of cohert ---------- 46 -------- 5 -------- 4 %

mean aspartame mg/d --- 0 -------441 ------ 986

16+ education -------- 37 ------- 40 ------- 34 %

diabetes history ------ 3 ------- 22 ------- 26 %

alcohol g/d ---------- 14 ------- 11 ------- 13

never smoke ---------- 36 ------- 31 ------- 29 %

Body Mass Index ------ 26 ------- 29 ------- 29

18.5 - 25 ------------ 42 ------- 21 ------- 19 %

30 - 35 -------------- 13 ------- 23 ------- 26 %

over 35 -------------- 4 ------- 10 ------- 13 %

Physical activity %:

under 3-4/mo --------- 32 ------- 32 ------- 37 %

under 1-2/wk --------- 22 ------- 21 ------- 19 %

over 3-4/wk ---------- 45 ------- 45 ------- 43 %

Calories kcal ----- 1,919 ---- 1,855 ---- 2,044 %

Caffeine mg/d ------ 393 ------ 364 ------ 424

There do seem to be many increases of problems
from the second to third column, as mean aspartame use doubles.

Granted, this is cherry picking the data, selecting interesting patterns.

Correlations alone do not prove any direction of causation.

Nevertheless, it may be of value to study the correlations for
increasing aspartame intake among the 4 % using over 600 mg, the
equivalent of 3 cans 12-oz cans diet soda daily. The average use for
this group is 5 cans daily.

For instance, are a minority of these heavy users displaying the great
majority of the problems that are reflected in the mean for each level
of use, with most users only having little or no increase in problems?

This is a group of about 20,000 people.


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1141
Nurses Health Study can quickly reveal the extent of aspartame
(methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid) toxicity: Murray 2004.11.21

The Nurses Health Study is a bonanza of information about the health of
probably hundreds of nurses who use 6 or more cans daily of diet soft
drinks -- they have also stored blood and tissue samples from their
immense pool of subjects, over 100,000 for decades. ]

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1141
Nurses Health Study can quickly reveal the extent of aspartame
(methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid) toxicity: Murray 2004.11.21

The Nurses Health Study is a bonanza of information about the health of
probably hundreds of nurses who use 6 or more cans daily of diet soft
drinks -- they have also stored blood and tissue samples from their
immense pool of subjects, over 100,000 for decades. ]
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1472
bias, omissions, incuriosity, opportunity, aspartame safety evaluation,
Magnuson BA, Burdock GA, Williams GM, 7 more, 2007 Sept, Ajinomoto
funded 98 pages html [$ 32 781888262_content.pdf]: Murray 2007.09.14


Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Aug 8; [Epub ahead of print]
Direct and indirect cellular effects of aspartame on the brain.
Humphries P,
Pretorius E, resia.pretorius@...,
Naudé H.
[1] Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng,
South Africa
[2] Department of Anatomy, University of the Limpopo, South Africa.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1463


Ultrastruct Pathol. 2007 Mar-Apr; 31(2): 77-83.
Ultrastructural changes to rabbit fibrin and platelets due to aspartame.
Pretorius E,
Humphries P.
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Pretoria, South Africa.
[ Humphries P also at
Department of Anatomy, University of Limpopo.
Medunsa Campus, Garankuwa. South Africa ]
*Correspondence to E. Pretorius,
BMW Building, PO Box 2034,
Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1452


[ not about aspartame, but highly suggestive... ]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1471
Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in kids, McCann D, Grimshaw K,
Sonuga-Barke, Warner JO, Stevenson J, et al, The Lancet 2007.09.06 pdf
454 KB: Murray 2007.09.06

www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/health/womenfamily.html?in_article_id=45\
\3431&in_page_id=1799
By UK Daily Mail Newspaper
The proof food additives ARE as bad as we feared
By SEAN POULTER Last updated at 09:53am on 18th May 2007

[ This team will publish their confirming study later in 2007. ]
http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/89/6/506
Archives of Disease in Childhood 2004; 89(6): 506-511
Erratum in: Arch Dis Child. 2005 Aug; 90(8): 875.
© 2004 BMJ Publishing Group & Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
The effects of a double blind, placebo controlled, artificial food
colourings and benzoate preservative challenge on hyperactivity in a
general population sample of preschool children
B Bateman 1,
J O Warner 1, j.o.warner@...,
E Hutchinson 3,
T Dean 5, tara.dean@...,
P Rowlandson 4, Dr. Piers Rolandson, Paediatric Tutor
C Gant 5,
J Grundy 5,
C Fitzgerald 3
and J Stevenson 2 jsteven@...,
1 Infection, Inflammation and Repair Division, University of
Southampton, Southampton, UK
2 Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
3 Department of Clinical Psychology, St Mary’s Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK
4 Department of Paediatrics, St Mary’s Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK
5 David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary’s Hospital,
Isle of Wight, UK
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1461


www.ehponline.org/members/2007/10271/10271.pdf free full text 24 pages
National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES
Lifespan Exposure to Low Doses of Aspartame Beginning During Prenatal
Life Increases Cancer Effects in Rats
doi:10.1289/ehp.10271 (available at http://dx.doi.org/)
Online 13 June 2007
Morando Soffritti 1,
Fiorella Belpoggi 1,
Eva Tibaldi 1,
Davide Degli Esposti 1,
Michela Lauriola 1
1 Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, European Ramazzini Foundation
of Oncology and Environmental Sciences, Bologna Italy
Address of the institution: Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center,
European Ramazzini Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences
Castello di Bentivoglio, Via Saliceto, 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Bologna,
Italy +39 051 6640460 fax +39 051 6640223
crcfr@..., www.ramazzini.it
Address correspondence to: M. Soffritti
Acknowledgements:
This research was supported entirely by the European Ramazzini
Foundation Environmental Sciences.
The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1441


http://www.ramazzini.it/fondazione/docs/NYAS_Aspartame_Ramazzini.pdf
Results of Long-Term Carcinogenicity Bioassay on Sprague-Dawley Rats
Exposed to Aspartame Administered in Feed
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2006 Sep; 1076: 559-577.
Fiorella Belpoggi,
Morando Soffritti,
Michela Padovani,
Davide Degli Esposti,
Michelina Lauriola, and
Franco Minardi.
The end judges everything -- HERODOTUS (480-425 B.C.) The History
Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center,
European Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences
'B. Ramazzini',� 40010 Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1382
[ and, previously ]
First experimental demonstration of the multipotential
carcinogenic effects of aspartame administered in the feed to
Sprague-Dawley rats.
Environ. Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114: 379-385. PMID: 16507461
Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Degli Esposti D, Lambertini L, Tibaldi E, Rigano A.
Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 113, Number 11
November 2005 Current print issue
The full version of this article is available for free in PDF format.
http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2005/8711/8711.pdf 35 pages
First Experimental Demonstration of the
Multipotential Carcinogenic Effects of Aspartame
Administered in the Feed to Sprague-Dawley Rats.
Morando Soffritti, Fiorella Belpoggi, Davide Degli Esposti,
Luca Lambertini, Eva Tibaldi, and Anna Rigano.
doi:10.1289/ehp.8711 (available at http://dx.doi.org/)
Online 17 November 2005
The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
http://www.ehponline.org/
Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center,
European Ramazzini Foundation of Oncology and
Environmental Sciences
Sofritti, M. et al. 2005.
Aspartame induces lymphomas and leukaemias in rats.
Eur. J. Oncol. 2005; 10: 107-116.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1250


Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Jun 16;[Epub ahead of print]
The effect of aspartame metabolites on the suckling rat
frontal cortex acetylcholinesterase. An in vitro study.
Simintzi I,
Schulpis KH, inchildh@...,
Angelogianni P,
Liapi C,
Tsakiris S. stsakir@...,
Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School,
University of Athens,
P.O. Box 65257, GR 15401 Athens, Greece.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1459


Toxicology. 2007 May 18; [Epub ahead of print]
l-Cysteine and glutathione restore the reduction of rat hippocampal
Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity induced by aspartame metabolites.
Simintzi I,
Schulpis KH,
Angelogianni P,
Liapi C,
Tsakiris S.
Department of Experimental Physiology,
Medical School, Athens University,
P.O. Box 65257, GR-15401 Athens, Greece.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1447


Pharmacol Res. 2007 May 13; [Epub ahead of print]
The effect of aspartame on acetylcholinesterase activity in
hippocampal homogenates of suckling rats.
Simintzi I,
Schulpis KH,
Angelogianni P,
Liapi C,
Tsakiris S.
Department of Experimental Physiology,
Medical School, University of Athens,
P.O. Box 65257, GR-15401 Athens, Greece.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1444


Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Dec 14; [Epub ahead of print]
The effect of L-cysteine and glutathione on inhibition of
Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity by aspartame metabolites
in human erythrocyte [red blood cell] membrane.
Schulpis KH, Kleopatra H. Schulpis, MD, PhD.
Institute of Child Health, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital,
GR-11527 Athens (Greece) +30 1 7708291, Fax +30 1 7700111
inchildh@...
Papassotiriou I, biochem@...,
Tsakiris T,
Tsakiris S. Stylianos Tsakiris. stsakir@...,
1 Institute of Child Health, Research Center,
'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
ggbriass@... ersi_voskaridou@...
mmoschov@... siahanidou@...
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1279


Pharmacol Res. 2005 Aug 26; [Epub ahead of print]
The effect of aspartame metabolites on human [red blood cell]
erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase activity.
Tsakiris S,
Giannoulia-Karantana A,
Simintzi I,
Schulpis KH.
Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School,
University of Athens, P.O. Box 65257, GR-154 01 Athens, Greece.
Stylianos Tsakiris. stsakir@...,
Giannoulia-Karantana A. First Department of Pediatrics,
Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Greece.
Kleopatra H. Schulpis, MD, PhD. Institute of Child Health,
Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, GR-11527 Athens (Greece)
Tel. +30 1 7708291, Fax +30 1 7700111 inchildh@...
[ Papoutsakis T. tina.papoutsakis@...,
Papadopoulos G. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology,
University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26, 41221 Larisa, Greece
papg@..., ]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1213


In Vivo. 2007 Jan-Feb; 21(1): 89-92.
The effect of aspartame administration on oncogene and suppressor gene
expressions.
Gombos K, katalin_gombos@...,
Varjas T,
Orsos Z,
Polyak E,
Peredi J,
Varga Z,
Nowrasteh G,
Tettinger A,
Mucsi G,
Ember I.
Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Public Health University of Pecs,
Pecs, Hungary.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1414


Hum Exp Toxicol. 2006 Aug; 25(8): 453-9.
The effect of aspartame on rat brain xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes.
Vences-Mejia A 1,
Labra-Ruiz N 1,
Hernandez-Martinez N 1,
Dorado-Gonzalez V 1,
Gomez-Garduno J 1,
Perez-Lopez I 1,
Nosti-Palacios R 1,
Camacho Carranza R 2,
Espinosa-Aguirre JJ 2.
Laboratorio de Toxicologia Genetica,
1: Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Insurgentes Sur, 3700-C,
04530 Mexico, DF Mexico.
2: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Apartado postal 70228,
Ciudad Universitaria 04510 México, D.F., México
http://www.biomedicas.unam.mx/index.asp
*Correspondence: JJ Espinosa-Aguirre, Instituto de Investigaciones
Biome´dicas, UNAM, Apartado postal 70228, Ciudad
Universitaria 04510 Me´xico, D.F., Me´xico
Human & Experimental Toxicology (2006) 25(8): 453 - 459.
www.sagepublications.com
c 2006 SAGE Publications 10.1191/0960327106het646oa
[ Dra. Araceli Vences M
Jefa de Laboratorio de Toxicologia Genetica
6° P de Hospital Laboratorios
10 84 09 00 Ext.1410 -1448 aritaven@..., ]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1373


Toxicol Sci. 2006 Mar;90(1):178-87.
Synergistic interactions between commonly used food additives in a
developmental neurotoxicity test.
Lau K, McLean WG, Williams DP, Howard CV.
Developmental Toxicopathology Unit,
Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Biology,
University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK;
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics,
University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
W. Graham McLean w.g.mclean@...,
C. V. Howard c.v.howard@...,
D. P. Williams dom@..., 0151 794 5791 http://www.liv.ac.uk/
Miss. Karen Lau karenlau@..., 0151 795 4223
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1271



http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2202-8-9.pdf
free full text 28 pages
This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon
acceptance.
Copyedited and fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be
made available soon.
Amyloid-like aggregates of neuronal tau induced by formaldehyde promote
apoptosis of neuronal cells
BMC Neuroscience 2007 Jan 23, 8(1): 9 doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-9
Chunlai Nie niecl1022@...,
Xing sheng Wang step@...,
Ying Liu liuy@...,
Sarah Perrett sperrett@...,
Rongqiao He herq@...,
ISSN 1471-2202
Article type Research article
Submission date 15 August 2006
Acceptance date 23 January 2007
Publication date 23 January 2007
Article URL http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/8/9
Chun Lai Nie 1,3,
Xing Sheng Wang 1,3,
Ying Liu 1,
Sarah Perrett 2 and
Rong Qiao He 1,3*
1 State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science,
Institute of Biophysics, 15 Datun Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101,
China
2 National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules,
Institute of Biophysics, 15 Datun Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101,
China
3 Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan
District, Beijing 100049, China
*Corresponding author
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1406


Addict Biol. 2005 Dec;10(4): 351-5.
Concentration changes of methanol in blood samples during
an experimentally induced alcohol hangover state.
Woo YS, Yoon SJ, Lee HK, Lee CU, Chae JH, Lee CT, Kim DJ.
Chuncheon National Hospital, Department of Psychiatry,
The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
http://www.cuk.ac.kr/eng/ sysop@...
Songsin Campus: 02-740-9714 Songsim Campus: 02-2164-4116
Songeui Campus: 02-2164-4114
http://www.cuk.ac.kr/eng/sub055.htm eight hospitals
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1394



" Absorbed formaldehyde can be oxidized to formate and carbon dioxide or
can be incorporated into biologic macromolecules. "

[ References include: Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Lambertini L, Lauriola M,
Padovani M, Maltoni C. 2002. Results of long-term experimental studies
on the carcinogenicity of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in rats. Ann NY
Acad Sci 982: 87-105.

Soffritti M, Maltoni C, Maffei F, Biagi R. 1989. Formaldehyde: an
experimental multipotential carcinogen. Toxicol Ind Health 5:699-730. "
Morando Soffritti is a member of the Working Group. ]

http://www.ehponline.org/members/2005/7542/7542.html free full text

After a thorough discussion of the epidemiologic, experimental, and
other relevant data, the working group concluded that formaldehyde is
carcinogenic to humans, based on sufficient evidence in humans and in
experimental animals.

In the epidemiologic studies, there was sufficient evidence that
formaldehyde causes nasopharyngeal cancer, "strong but not sufficient"
evidence of leukemia, and limited evidence of sinonasal cancer.

The working group also concluded that 2-butoxyethanol and
1-tert-butoxy-2-propanol are not classifiable as to their
carcinogenicity to humans, each having limited evidence in experimental
animals and inadequate evidence in humans.

These three evaluations and the supporting data will be published as
Volume 88 of the IARC Monographs. PMID: 16140628

Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Sep; 113(9): 1205-8.
Meeting report: summary of IARC monographs on formaldehyde,
2-butoxyethanol, and 1-tert-butoxy-2-propanol.
Cogliano VJ, Vincent James Cogliano cogliano@...,
Grosse Y, Yann Grosse grosse@...,
Baan RA, Robert A. Baan baan@...,
Straif K, Kurt straif@...,
Secretan MB, Marie Béatrice Secretan secretan@...,
El Ghissassi F, Fatiha El Ghissassi elghissassi@...,
Working Group for Volume 88.

IARC, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France
Tel: +33 (0)4 72 73 84 85 - Fax: +33 (0)4 72 73 85 75
© IARC 2004 - All Rights Reserved
http://monographs.iarc.fr cie@...,

Monographs Recently Published

IARC Monographs Vol 88
Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol
December 2006
478 pages
ISBN 92 832 1288 6
US$ 40

This volume re-evaluates the available evidence on the carcinogenic
potential of formaldehyde, a substance that is found in the workplace
and in the environment.
Formaldehyde is widely used in resins that bind wood products, pulp and
paper; in glasswool and rockwool insulation; in plastics and coatings,
textile finishing, chemical manufacture; and as a disinfectant and
preservative.
Also evaluated are two glycol ethers, 2-butoxyethanol and
1-tert-butoxypropan-2-ol,
which are widely used as solvents in paints and paint thinners,
coatings, glass and surface cleaners, inks, adhesives, personal-care
products, and as chemical intermediates.
As for formaldehyde, there is sufficient evidence in epidemiological
studies for nasopharyngeal cancer, strong but not sufficient evidence
for leukaemia, and limited evidence for sinonasal cancer.
The extensive scientific database on the mechanisms by which
formaldehyde can induce nasal-tract cancer in humans is considered.
These data provide strong support for the empirical observation of
nasopharyngeal cancer in humans.
In contrast, the lack of information on possible mechanisms by which
formaldehyde might increase the risk for leukaemia in humans tempered
the interpretation of the epidemiological data on that cancer.
Although this volume focuses on a qualitative assessment of the
carcinogenic potential of formaldehyde, subsequent predictions of the
risks for nasopharyngeal cancer should consider pertinent information on
mechanisms of carcinogenesis, including genotoxicity and dose-dependent
cytoxicity.
A theme common to the three evaluations is the consideration of
mechanistic information to develop and evaluate hypotheses on the
sequence of steps that lead to the induction of tumours in experimental
animals.
The hypothesized mechanisms described provide an interesting set of
cases that range from a vast literature on respiratory tract tumours in
rats induced by the inhalation of formaldehyde to some more tentative
hypotheses on the various tumours observed in animals following exposure
to both glycol ethers.
Recurring issues were the criteria that characterize a rare tumour or
how to introduce additional information to resolve difficult questions;
for example, how to consider the results of historical controls.

International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.

An international, interdisciplinary working group of expert scientists
met in June 2004 to develop IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans (IARC Monographs) on
formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol, and 1-tert-butoxy-2-propanol.

Each IARC Monograph includes a critical review of the pertinent
scientific literature and an evaluation of an agent's potential to cause
cancer in humans.

Key words: 1-tert-butoxy-2-propanol, 2-butoxyethanol, carcinogen,
formaldehyde, glycol ethers, hazard identification, IARC Monographs,
leukemia, nasopharyngeal cancer, sinonasal cancer. Environ Health
Perspect 113: 1205-1208 (2005) .
doi:10.1289/ehp.7542 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 12 May 2005]

Address correspondence to V.J. Cogliano, Carcinogen Identification and
Evaluation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours
Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon cedex 08, France.
33-4-72-73-84-76. fax 33-4-72-73-83-19 cogliano@...,

The Working Group for Volume 88 of the IARC Monographs includes:

Ulrich Andrae (Germany) , andrae@..., Dr. Ulrich Andrae, GSF-Institut
für Toxikologie,. Postfach 1129, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany Fax:
149-089-3187-3449 Sherwood Burge (UK),

Rajendra S Chhabra (USA) , http://dir.niehs.nih.gov/dirtob/chhabra.htm
chhabrar@..., General Toxicology Group, TOB, ETP, DIR

John Cocker (UK) , Health and Safety Laboratory, Buxton, UK
john.cocker@...,

David N Coggon (UK) , MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit at the
University of Southampton, UK dnc@...,

Rory Conolly (USA) , Rconolly@..., Senior Research Biologist,
National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and
Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Paul Demers (Canada) , pdemers@..., Occupational Hygiene
Institute, University of British Columbia

David A Eastmond (USA) , david.eastmond@..., Enviromental Toxicology
Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, CA 92521 (951)
827-4497 (Voice) (951) 827-3087 (Fax)

Elaine Faustman (USA) , faustman@..., Professor, Env. and
Occ. Health Sciences, Adjunct Professor, Evans School 206–685–2269

Victor J Feron (the Netherlands) , TNO Nutrition and Food Research
(retired), The Netherlands TNO-CIVO TOXICOLOGY AND NUTRITION INSTITUTE
Utrechtseweg 48 3704 HE Zeist The Netherlands (31)-3404 44 144

Michel Gérin (Canada, Chair) , gerinm@..., Departement de
medecine du travail et d'hygiene du milieu, Universite de Montreal,
Quebec, Canada.

Marcel Goldberg (France) , marcel.goldberg@..., France
-- National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM Unite 88,
HNSM 14 Rue de Val d'Osne F-94410 St. Maurice France [33] 1-451-83859
[33] 1-451-83889 Departement Sante Travail, Institut de Veille
Sanitaire, 12, rue du Val d'Osne, 94410 Saint Maurice, France

Bernard D Goldstein (USA) , bdgold@..., Director of the
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and Professor
and Chair of the Department of Environmental and Community Medicine at
UMDNJ - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. Dean's Office, University of
Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, A624 Crabtree Hall, 130
DeSoto St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.

Roland C Grafström (Sweden) , roland.grafstrom@..., Roland C
Grafström, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Box 210, S−17177 Stockholm, Sweden Telefax: +46–8−329402

Johnni Hansen (Denmark) , johnni@..., PhD, Senior researcher,
Danish Cancer Registry , Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer
Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Michael Hauptmann (USA) , The National Cancer Institute

Kathy Hughes (Canada) , Head, Existing Substances Section 1, Health Canada,

Ted Junghans (USA) , tjunghans@..., Technical Resources
International, Inc., 6500 Rock Spring Drive, Suite 650, Bethesda, MD
20817, USA.

Dan Krewski (Canada) , MHA, MSc, PhD dkrewski@..., Professor
Director, R. Samuel McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk
Assessment, Institute of Population Healt, 1 Stewart Street, Room 320,
Phone: (613) 562-5381 Fax: (613)562-5380

Steve Olin (USA) , solin@..., ILSI International Life Sciences
Institute

Martine Reynier (France) , martine.reynier@..., Mme Martine REYNIER,
Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), 30, rue Olivier
Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14 (France) Tel : +33 (0)1 40 44 30 81 Fax :
+33 (0)1 40 44 30 54

Judith Shaham (Israel) , yshaham@..., Occupational Cancer
Department, National Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health,
Raanana, Israel. MD, Occupational Cancer Unit, Occupational Health &
Rehabilitation Institute, P.O. Box 3, Raanana 43100, ISRAEL

Morando Soffritti (Italy) , crcfr@..., European Foundation of
Oncology and Environmental Sciences “B. Ramazzini”, Cesare Maltoni
Cancer Research Center, Bologna, Italy

Leslie Stayner (USA) , lstayner@..., Division of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health
(M/C 923), 1603 West Taylor Street, Room 971, Chicago, IL 60612. E-mail:

Patricia Stewart (USA) , National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, 165
Food Safety and Toxicology Building, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, MI 48824; fax (517) 432-2310

Douglas Wolf (USA) , wolf.doug@..., DVM, PhD, USEPA, (Toxicology)

We gratefully acknowledge the important contributions of the
administrative staff of the IARC Monographs: S. Egraz, M. Lézère, J.
Mitchell, and E. Perez.
The IARC Monographs are supported, in part, by grants from the U.S.
National Cancer Institute, the European Commission, the U.S. National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.
Received 31 August 2004 ; accepted 12 May 2005.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1417

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1467
4 cases of aspartame-induced thrombocytopenia [ very low platelets in
blood ], HJ Roberts MD, Letter in Southern Medical Journal 2007 May:
100(5); 543: Murray 2007.08.25

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1468
Formaldehyde induced urticarial vasculitis in male medical student,
age 40, Michael Pellizzari, Gillian Marshman, Flinders U.,
Australasian J. Dermatol. 2007 Aug: Murray 2007.08.29

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1469
highly toxic formaldehyde, the cause of alcohol hangovers, is made by
the body from 100 mg doses of methanol from dark wines and liquors,
dimethyl dicarbonate, and aspartame: Murray 2007.08.31

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1470
new details on how formaldehyde and formic acid from methanol are
neurotoxic: Chun Lai Nie, Rong Giao He, et al, PLoS ONE 2(7): e629
2007.07.18 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing: Murray 20097.09.01
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http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1457
aspartame bans, tis more an avalanche than a trend...: Rich Murray
2007.08.17

[ see also:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1458
ASDA, Wal-Mart's UK supermarket chain, bans artificial colors, trans
fats, MSG and aspartame, Marguerite Kelly, The Washington Post: Murray
2007.08.03 ]

So far, USA print and broadcast media are deaf, blind, and dumb,
regarding recent major bans of aspartame and MSG in the UK and EU.

The EU Parliament voted July 12 to ban artificial sweeteners
in newly born and infant foods.

On May 15 four huge UK supermarket chains announced bans
of aspartame and MSG, food dyes, and many additives
to protect kids from ADHD --
Sainsbury, Tesco, Marks & Spencer, and ASDA, a unit of WalMart.

May 31: Coca-Cola and the much larger Cargill Inc.,
after years of secret development, with 24 patents,
will soon sell rebiana (stevia) in drinks and food
in the many nations where it is approved as a sweetener --
for decades a major sweetener in Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan,
Thailand, Malasia, Saint Kitts, Nevis,
Brazil, Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Israel,
and an approved supplement in USA, Australia, and Canada,
according to Wikipedia.


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1454
recent research and news re aspartame and stevia: Murray 2007.08.16

"Of course, everyone chooses, as a natural priority,
to actively find, quickly share, and positively act
upon the facts about healthy and safe food, drink,
and environment."

Rich Murray, MA Room For All rmforall@...
505-501-2298 1943 Otowi Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/messages
group with 82 members, 1,478 posts in a public,
searchable archive http://RMForAll.blogspot.com


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1395
Aspartame Controversy, in Wikipedia democratic
encyclopedia, 72 references (including AspartameNM # 864
and 1173 by Murray, brief fair summary of much more research:
Murray 2007.01.01

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1453
Souring on fake sugar (aspartame), Jennifer Couzin,
Science 2007.07.06: 4 page letter to FDA from 12 eminent
USA toxicologists re two Ramazzini Foundation
cancer studies 2007.06.25: Murray 2007.07.18

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNMmessage/1451
Artificial sweeteners (aspartame, sucralose) and coloring
agents will be banned from use in newly-born and baby foods,
the European Parliament decided: Latvia ban in schools 2006:
Murray 2007.07.12

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNMmessage/1437
stevia to be approved and cyclamates limited by
Food Standards Australia New Zealand:
JMC Geuns critiques of two recent stevia studies by Nunes:
Murray 2007.05.29

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1427
more from The Independent, UK, Martin Hickman, re ASDA
(unit of Wal-Mart Stores) and Marks & Spencer ban of
aspartame, MSG, artificial chemical additives and dyes
to prevent ADHD in kids: urray 2007.05.16
http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/health_medical/article2548747.ece

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1426
ASDA (unit of Wal-Mart Stores WMT.N) and Marks & Spencer
will join Tesco and also Sainsbury to ban and limit
aspartame, MSG, artificial flavors dyes preservatives additives,
trans fats, salt "nasties" to protect kids from ADHD:
leading UK media: Murray 2007.05.15

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1438
Coca-Cola and Cargill Inc., after years of development,
with 24 patents, will soon sell rebiana (stevia)
in drinks and foods: Murray 2007.05.31

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=PubMed search PubMed
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