accurate Wikipedia article on aspartame (methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid):
Murray 2007.05.11
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1425

Rich Murray: This article presents an accurate summary, essentially justifying
its conclusion:

"This substance has many side effects and is an excitotoxin. This substance
should be avoided at all times."

However, Wikipedia is not supposed to support just one side of any issue, but to
describe all sides in the spirit of professional scholarly discourse.

The authors may be anonymous, and anyone can edit, change, add or delete any
part at any moment.

However, a small network monitors each article and will within hours inspect and
correct any edits.

If a person persistently tries to create an untrue or one-sided article, and is
not able to participate reasonably or politely in the network that chooses to
monitor the article, then they probably will be banned from making edits.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Aspartame

" Chemicals WikiProject
Portal:Chemistry

Aspartame is within the scope of WikiProject Chemicals, a daughter project of
WikiProject Chemistry, which aims to improve Wikipedia's coverage of chemicals.
To participate, help improve this article or visit the project page for details
on the project.

Article Grading: The article has not been rated for quality and/or importance
yet.
Please rate the article and then leave comments here to explain the ratings
and/or to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the article..
Peer review This is a controversial topic, which may be under dispute.
Please read this talk page and discuss substantial changes here before making
them.
Make sure you supply full citations when adding information to highly
controversial articles. "

Citizendium, a new open-source free public encyclopedia has recently started, in
which are contributors must have public, valid, verifiable identities, which
probably will mobilize many more professional contributors:

http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Main_Page

"The Citizendium (sit-ih-ZEN-dee-um), a "citizens' compendium of everything," is
an experimental new wiki project.
The project, started by a founder of Wikipedia, aims to improve on that model by
adding "gentle expert oversight" and requiring contributors to use their real
names."


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartame

[ This page was last modified 16:11, 11 May 2007. ]

Aspartame

>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Aspartame[1]

Ball-and-stick model of aspartame

Chemical name N-(L-α-Aspartyl)-L-phenylalanine,
1-methyl ester
Other names:
NutraSweet
Canderel
Equal
Chemical formula C14H18N2O5
Molecular mass 294.301 g/mol
CAS number [22839-47-0]
Melting point 246-247 °C
Boiling point decomposes
SMILES [NH3+] [C@@H](CC([O-])=O)C(N[C@@H]
(CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(OC)=O)=O
NFPA 704


Disclaimer and references

Aspartame (IPA: /ˈæ.spɚˌteɪm/ or
/əˈspɑɹˌteɪm/) is the name for an artificial,
non-carbohydrate sweetener, aspartyl-phenylalanine-1-methyl ester; i.e., the
methyl ester of the dipeptide of the amino acid aspartic acid and the essential
amino acid phenylalanine.

This sweetener is marketed under a number of trademark names, including Equal,
NutraSweet, Canderel, and is an ingredient of approximately 6,000 consumer foods
and beverages sold worldwide.
It is commonly used in diet soft drinks, and is often provided as a table
condiment.
It is also used in some brands of chewable vitamin supplements and common in
many sugar-free chewing gums.

However, aspartame is not always suitable for baking because it often breaks
down when heated and loses much of its sweetness.

In the European Union, it is also known under the E number (additive code) E951.
Aspartame is also one of the sugar substitutes used by diabetics.

This substance has many side effects and is an excitotoxin. This substance
should be avoided at all times.

Contents

* 1 Chemistry
* 2 Properties and use
* 3 Discovery and approval
* 4 Metabolism
* 5 Aspartame controversy
* 6 References
* 7 External links

[edit] Chemistry

Aspartame is the methyl ester of the dipeptide of the natural amino acids
L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalanine.
Under strongly acidic or alkaline conditions, aspartame first generates methanol
by hydrolysis.
Under more severe conditions, the peptide bonds are also hydrolyzed, resulting
in the free amino acids.
It is a nonpolar molecule.[2]

[edit] Properties and use

Aspartame is an attractive sweetener because it is approximately 200 times
sweeter than sugar in typical concentrations, without the high energy value of
sugar.

While aspartame, like other peptides, has a caloric value of 4 kilocalories (17
kilojoules) per gram, the quantity of aspartame needed to produce a sweet taste
is so small that its caloric contribution is negligible, which makes it a
popular sweetener for those trying to avoid calories from sugar.

The taste of aspartame is not identical to that of sugar: the sweetness of
aspartame has a slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar, and some
consumers find it unappealing.

Blends of aspartame with acesulfame potassium are purported to have a more
sugar-like taste, and to be more potent than either sweetener used alone.

Like many other peptides, aspartame may hydrolyze (break down) into its
constituent amino acids under conditions of elevated temperature or high pH.

This makes aspartame undesirable as a baking sweetener, and prone to degradation
in products hosting a high-pH, as required for a long shelf life.

The stability of aspartame under heating can be improved to some extent by
encasing it in fats or in maltodextrin.

The stability when dissolved in water depends markedly on pH.
At room temperature, it is most stable at pH 4.3, where its half-life is nearly
300 days.
At pH 7, however, its half-life is only a few days.

Most soft-drinks have a pH between 3 and 5, where aspartame is reasonably
stable.
In products that may require a longer shelf life, such as syrups for fountain
beverages, aspartame is sometimes blended with a more stable sweetener, such as
saccharin. [1]

In products such as powdered beverages, the amine in aspartame can undergo a
Maillard reaction with the aldehyde groups present in certain aroma compounds.
The ensuing loss of both flavor and sweetness can be prevented by protecting the
aldehyde as an acetal.

[edit] Discovery and approval

Aspartame was discovered in 1965 by James M. Schlatter, a chemist working for
G.D. Searle & Company.
Schlatter had synthesized aspartame in the course of producing an anti-ulcer
drug candidate.
He discovered its sweet taste serendipitously when he licked his finger, which
had accidentally become contaminated with aspartame.[3]

Following initial safety testing, there was debate as to whether these tests had
indicated that aspartame may cause cancer in rats; as a result, the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) did not approve its use as a food additive in the
United States for many years.

In 1980, the FDA convened a Public Board of Inquiry (PBOI) consisting of
independent advisors charged with examining the purported relationship between
aspartame and brain cancer.

The PBOI concluded that aspartame does not cause brain damage, but it
recommended against approving aspartame at that time, citing unanswered
questions about cancer in laboratory rats.

In 1981, whilst Donald Rumsfeld was CEO of Searle, U.S. President Ronald Reagan
appointed Arthur Hull Hayes as FDA commissioner.
Citing data from a Japanese study that had not been available to the members of
the PBOI, Hayes approved aspartame for use in dry goods.[4]

In 1983 FDA further approved aspartame for use in carbonated beverages, and for
use in other beverages, baked goods, and confections in 1993.

In 1996, the FDA removed all restrictions from aspartame allowing it to be used
in all foods.

In 1985, G.D. Searle was purchased by Monsanto.
In this acquisition, Searle’s aspartame business became a separate Monsanto
subsidiary, the NutraSweet Company.
Monsanto subsequently sold the NutraSweet company to J.W. Childs Equity Partners
II L.P. on May 25, 2000.[5]

The U.S. patent on aspartame expired in 1992, and the aspartame market is now
hotly contested between the NutraSweet Company and other manufacturers such as
Ajinomoto, Merisant and the Holland Sweetener Company -- the latter of which
left the business in 2006 due to a

"persistently unprofitable business position" because "global aspartame markets
are facing structural oversupply, which has caused worldwide strong price
erosion over the last 5 years."[6]

[edit] Metabolism

Upon ingestion, aspartame breaks down into several residual chemicals, including
aspartic acid, phenylalanine, methanol, and further breakdown products including
formaldehyde[7] and formic acid.

There is some controversy surrounding the rate of breakdown into these various
products and the effects that they have on those that consume
aspartame-sweetened foods (see Aspartame Controversy, below).

The naturally-occurring essential amino acid phenylalanine is a health hazard to
those born with phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare inherited disease that prevents
the essential amino acid phenylalanine from being properly converted into
Tyrosine and eventually being metabolized.
Since individuals with PKU must consider aspartame as an additional source of
phenylalanine, aspartame-containing foods sold in the United States must state
"Phenylketonurics: Contains Phenylalanine" on their product labels.

[edit] Aspartame controversy

Main article: Aspartame controversy

Aspartame has been the subject of controversy regarding its safety and the
circumstances of its approval by the American FDA and European FSA.

Some studies have also recommended further investigation into connections
between aspartame and negative effects such as headaches, brain tumors, brain
lesions, and lymphoma.[8][9][10]

These findings, combined with possible conflicts of interest in the approval
process, have engendered vocal activism regarding the possible risks of
aspartame.[11][12]

The 2004 documentary Sweet Misery: A Poisoned World voices these same concerns.

On 14 December 2005, a member of the British House of Commons called on the
British government to "ban the use and sale of aspartame" due to health concerns
relating to this product.[13]

[edit] References

1. ^ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 861.

2. ^ David J. Ager, David P. Pantaleone, Scott A. Henderson, Alan R.
Katritzky, Indra Prakash, D. Eric Walters (1998). "Commercial, Synthetic
Nonnutritive Sweeteners". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 37 (13-24):
1802-1817.
DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980803)37:13/14%3C1802::AID-ANIE1802%3E3.0.CO;2-9.

3. ^ How Products Are Made: Aspartame

4. ^ http://archive.gao.gov/d28t5/133460.pdf

5. ^ http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EUY/is_22_6/ai_62920821

6. ^ http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release html b1?release id=115447

7. ^ Trocho, C.; Pardo, R.; Rafecas, I.; Virgili, J.; Remesar, X.;
Fernandez-Lopez, J.A.; Alemany, M. Formaldehyde derived from dietary aspartame
binds to tissue components in vivo., Life Sci., 1998, 63(5), 337-349; Abstract

8. ^ Olney, J.W., N.B. Farber, E. Spitznagel, L.N. Robins, 1996. "Increasing
Brain Tumor Rates: Is There a Link to Aspartame?" Journal of Neuropathology and
Experimental Neurology, Volume 55, pages 1115-1123.

9. ^ Soffritti, Morando, et al., "First Experimental Demonstration of the
Multipotential Carcinogenic Effects of Aspartame Administered in the Feed to
Sprague-Dawley Rats," Environmental Health Perspectives, Volume 114(3):379-385,
2006. http://www.ehponline.org/members/2005/8711/8711.pdf

10. ^ Roberts, H.J., "Does Aspartame Cause Human Brain Cancer," Journal of
Advancement in Medicine, Volume 4(4):231-241, 1991.

11. ^ GAO 1986. "Six Former HHS Employees' Involvement in Aspartame's
Approval," United States General Accounting Office, GAO/HRD-86-109BR, July 1986.
http://archive.gao.gov/d4t4/130780.pdf

12. ^ Gordon, Gregory, United Press International Investigation, "NutraSweet:
Questions Swirl," 1987. http://www.dorway.com/upipaper.txt

13. ^ Commons Hansard. 14 Dec 2005 : Column 491WH : Artificial Sweeteners.
House of Commons, United Kingdom Parliament (2005-12-14). Retrieved on
2007-03-05.

[edit] External links

* Links to external chemical sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_sources
* The European Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences
http://www.ramazzini.it/fondazione/foundation.asp

v • d • e
E numbers[hide]

Colours (E100–199) • Preservatives (E200–299) • Antioxidants & Acidity
regulators (E300–399) • Thickeners, stabilisers & emulsifiers (E400–499) • pH
regulators & anti-caking agents (E500–599) • Flavour enhancers (E600–699) •
Miscellaneous (E900–999) • Additional chemicals (E1100–1599)

Waxes (E900–909) • Synthetic glazes (E910–919) • Improving agents (E920–929) •
Packaging gases (E930–949) • Sweeteners (E950–969) • Foaming agents (E990–999)

Acesulfame K (E950) • Aspartame (E951) • Cyclamate (E952) • Isomalt (E953) •
Saccharin (E954) • Sucralose (E955) • Alitame (E956) • Thaumatin (E957) •
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (E959) • Salt of aspartame-acesulfame (E962) •
Maltitol (E965) • Lactitol (E966) • Xylitol (E967)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartame"

Categories: Carboxylate esters | Sweeteners

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formaldehyde as a potent unexamined cofactor in cancer research --
sources include methanol, dark wines and liquors, aspartame, wood and
tobacco smoke: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks
to Humans implicate formaldehyde in #88 and alcohol drinks in #96:
some related abstracts: Murray 2007.05.11
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1417


aspartame (methanol, formaldehyde) toxicity research summary: Rich
Murray 2007.05.08
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1404

One liter aspartame diet soda, about 3 12-oz cans,
gives 61.5 mg methanol,
so if 30% is turned into formaldehyde, the formaldehyde
dose of 18.5 mg is 37 times the recent EPA limit of
0.5 mg per liter daily drinking water for a 10-kg child:
www.epa.gov/teach/chem_summ/Formaldehyde_summary.pdf
2007.01.05 [ does not discuss formaldehyde from methanol
or aspartame ]
http://www.epa.gov/teach/teachsurvey.html comments
teach@...


"Of course, everyone chooses, as a natural priority,
to actively find, quickly share, and positively act upon
the facts about healthy and safe food, drink, and
environment."

Rich Murray, MA Room For All rmforall@...
505-501-2298 1943 Otowi Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/messages
group with 74 members, 1,425 posts in a public, searchable archive
http://RMForAll.blogspot.com

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1340
aspartame groups and books: updated research review of
2004.07.16: Murray 2006.05.11


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1395
Aspartame Controversy, in Wikipedia democratic
encyclopedia, 72 references (including AspartameNM # 864
and 1173 by Murray), brief fair summary of much more
research: Murray 2007.01.01


Dark wines and liquors, as well as aspartame, provide
similar levels of methanol, above 120 mg daily, for
long-term heavy users, 2 L daily, about 6 cans.

Within hours, methanol is inevitably largely turned into
formaldehyde, and thence largely into formic acid -- the
major causes of the dreaded symptoms of "next morning"
hangover.

Fully 11% of aspartame is methanol -- 1,120 mg aspartame
in 2 L diet soda, almost six 12-oz cans, gives 123 mg
methanol (wood alcohol). If 30% of the methanol is turned
into formaldehyde, the amount of formaldehyde, 37 mg,
is 18.5 times the USA EPA limit for daily formaldehyde in
drinking water, 2.0 mg in 2 L average daily drinking water.

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1286
methanol products (formaldehyde and formic acid) are main
cause of alcohol hangover symptoms [same as from similar
amounts of methanol, the 11% part of aspartame]:
YS Woo et al, 2005 Dec: Murray 2006.01.20


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1143
methanol (formaldehyde, formic acid) disposition:
Bouchard M et al, full plain text, 2001: substantial
sources are degradation of fruit pectins, liquors,
aspartame, smoke: Murray 2005.04.02

"According to model predictions, congruent with the data in the
literature [Dorman et al., 1994; Horton et al., 1992], a certain
fraction of formaldehyde is readily oxidized to formate,
a major fraction of which is rapidly converted to CO2 and exhaled,
whereas a small fraction is excreted as formic acid in urine.

However, fits to the available data in rats and monkeys of Horton et
al. [1992] and Dorman et al. [1994] show that, once formed, a
substantial fraction of formaldehyde is converted to unobserved forms.

This pathway contributes to a long-term unobserved compartment.

The latter, most plausibly, represents either the formaldehyde that
[directly or after oxidation to formate] binds to various endogenous
molecules [Heck et al., 1983; Røe, 1982] or is incorporated in the
tetrahydrofolic-acid-dependent one-carbon pathway to become the
building block of a number of synthetic pathways
[Røe, 1982; Tephly and McMartin, 1984].

That substantial amounts of methanol metabolites or by-products are
retained for a long time is verified by Horton et al. [1992] who
estimated that 18 h following an iv injection of 100 mg/kg of
14C-methanol in male Fischer-344 rats,
only 57% of the dose was eliminated from the body.

>From the data of Dorman et al. [1994] and Medinsky et al. [1997],
it can further be calculated that 48 h following the start
of a 2-h inhalation exposure to 900 ppm of 14C-methanol vapors
in female cynomolgus monkeys,
only 23% of the absorbed 14C-methanol was eliminated from the body.

These findings are corroborated by the data of Heck et al. [1983]
showing that 40% of a 14C-formaldehyde inhalation dose remained
in the body 70 h postexposure.

In the present study, the model proposed rests on acute exposure
data, where the time profiles of methanol and its metabolites were
determined only over short time periods
[a maximum of 6 h of exposure and a maximum of 48 h postexposure].

This does not allow observation of the slow release from the long-term
components.

It is to be noted that most of the published studies on the detailed
disposition kinetics of methanol regard controlled short-term
[iv injection or continuous inhalation exposure over a few hours]
methanol exposures in rats, primates, and humans
[Batterman et al., 1998; Damian and Raabe, 1996;
Dorman et al., 1994; Ferry et al., 1980; Fisher et al., 2000;
Franzblau et al., 1995; Horton et al., 1992; Jacobsen et al., 1988;
Osterloh et al., 1996; Pollack et al., 1993; Sedivec et al., 1981;
Ward et al., 1995; Ward and Pollack, 1996].

Experimental studies on the detailed time profiles following
controlled repeated exposures to methanol are lacking."

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1406
brain cell tangles and neuron death similar to Alzheimers
via low dose formaldehyde from methanol,
Chunlai Nie, Rongqiao He et al, China, 2007.01.23 BMC
Neuroscience 28 pages, 63 references: Murray 2007.01.24


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1385
Coca-Cola carcinogenicity in rats, Ramazzini Foundation,
F Belpoggi, M Soffritti, Annals NY Academy Sciences
2006 Sept, parts of 17 pages: Murray 2006.12.02

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1382
Fiorella Belpoggi & Morando Soffritti of Ramazzini
Foundation prove lifetime carcinogenicity of Coca-Cola,
aspartame, and arsenic, Annals of the NY Academy of
Sciences: Murray 2006.11.28


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1369
Bristol, Connecticut, schools join state program to limit
artificial sweeteners, sugar, fats for 8800 students,
Johnny J Burnham, The Bristol Press: Murray 2006.09.22

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1341
Connecticut bans artificial sweeteners in schools,
Nancy Barnes, New Milford Times: Murray 2006.05.25


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1376
soft drinks and adolescent hyperactivity, mental distress,
conduct problems, Lars Lien, Nanna Lien, Sonja Heyerdahl,
Mayne Thoresen, Espen Bjertness 2006 Oct., A J Pub Health:
Murray 2006.10.21

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1375
healthy diet, vitamins, and fish oil help reduce
depression and violence, studies by Joseph Hibbeln,
Bernard Gesch, and Stephen Schoenthaler, articles by
Felicity Lawrence in UK Guardian Unlimited and Pat
Thomas in The Ecologist: Murray 2006.10.21

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1353
carcinogenic effect of inhaled formaldehyde, Federal
Institute of Risk Assessment, Germany -- same safe level
as for Canada: Murray 2006.06.02

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1352
Home sickness -- indoor air often worse, as our homes
seal in pollutants [one is formaldehyde, also from the 11%
methanol part of aspartame],
Megan Gillis, WinnipegSun.com: Murray 2006.06.01


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1414
effect of aspartame on oncogene and suppressor gene expressions in
mice, Katalin Gambos, Istvan Ember, et al, University of Pecs,
Hungary, In Vivo 2007 Jan; scores of their relevant past studies since
1977: Murray 2007.04.14

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1366
toxicity in rat brains from aspartame, Vences-Mejia A,
Espinosa-Aguirre JJ et al 2006 Aug: Murray 2006.09.06

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1373
aspartame rat brain toxicity re cytochrome P450 enzymes,
especially CYP2E1, Vences-Mejia A, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ
et al, 2006 Aug, Hum Exp Toxicol: relevant abstracts re
formaldehyde from methanol in alcohol drinks:
Murray 2006.09.29

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1271
combining aspartame and quinoline yellow, or MSG and
brilliant blue, harms nerve cells, eminent C. Vyvyan
Howard et al, 2005 education.guardian.co.uk,
Felicity Lawrence: Murray 2005.12.21

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1277
50% UK baby food is now organic -- aspartame or MSG
with food dyes harm nerve cells, CV Howard 3 year study
funded by Lizzy Vann, CEO, Organix Brands,
Children's Food Advisory Service: Murray 2006.01.13

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1279
all three aspartame metabolites harm human erythrocyte
[red blood cell] membrane enzyme activity, KH Schulpis
et al, two studies in 2005, Athens, Greece, 2005.12.14:
2004 research review, RL Blaylock: Murray 2006.01.14


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1349
NIH NLM ToxNet HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank
inadequate re aspartame (methanol, formaldehyde,
formic acid): Murray 2006.08.19

http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~HwoSfJ:1
HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank: Aspartame

ASPARTAME CASRN: 22839-47-0
METHANOL CASRN: 67-56-1
FORMALDEHYDE CASRN: 50-00-0
FORMIC ACID CASRN: 64-18-6


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1052
DMDC: Dimethyl dicarbonate 200mg/L in drinks adds methanol
98 mg/L ( becomes formaldehyde in body ): EU Scientific
Committee on Foods 2001.07.12: Murray 2004.01.22


http://www.HolisticMed.com/aspartame mgold@...
Aspartame Toxicity Information Center Mark D. Gold
12 East Side Drive #2-18 Concord, NH 03301 603-225-2100

http://www.holisticmed.com/aspartame/abuse/methanol.html
"Scientific Abuse in Aspartame Research"

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/957
safety of aspartame Part 1/2 12.4.2: EC HCPD-G SCF:
Murray 2003.01.12 EU Scientific Committee on Food,
a whitewash

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1045
http://www.holisticmed.com/aspartame/scf2002-response.htm
Mark Gold exhaustively critiques European Commission
Scientific Committee on Food re aspartame ( 2002.12.04 ):
59 pages, 230 references
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/782
RTM: Smith, Terpening, Schmidt, Gums:
full text: aspartame, MSG, fibromyalgia 2002.01.17
Jerry D Smith, Chris M Terpening,
Siegfried OF Schmidt, and John G Gums
Relief of Fibromyalgia Symptoms Following
Discontinuation of Dietary Excitotoxins.
The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2001; 35(6): 702-706.
Malcolm Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Gainesville, FL, USA.
BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia is a common rheumatologic
disorder that is often difficult to treat effectively.
CASE SUMMARY: Four patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia
syndrome for two to 17 years are described.
All had undergone multiple treatment modalities with
limited success.
All had complete, or nearly complete,
resolution of their symptoms within months after
eliminating monosodium glutamate (MSG)
or MSG plus aspartame from their diet.
All patients were women with multiple comorbidities
prior to elimination of MSG.
All have had recurrence of symptoms whenever MSG
is ingested.

Siegfried O. Schmidt, MD Asst. Clinical Prof.
siggy@...
Community Health and Family Medicine, U. Florida,
Gainesville, FL Shands Hospital West Oak Clinic
Gainesville, FL 32608-3629 352-376-5071
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/915
formaldehyde toxicity: Thrasher & Kilburn: Shaham: EPA:
Gold: Wilson: CIIN: Murray 2002.12.12

Thrasher (2001): "The major difference is that the
Japanese demonstrated the incorporation of FA and its
metabolites into the placenta and fetus.
The quantity of radioactivity remaining in maternal and
fetal tissues at 48 hours was 26.9% of the administered
dose." [ Ref. 14-16 ]

Arch Environ Health 2001 Jul-Aug; 56(4): 300-11.
Embryo toxicity and teratogenicity of formaldehyde.
[100 references]
Thrasher JD, Kilburn KH. toxicology@...
Sam-1 Trust, Alto, New Mexico, USA. full text
http://www.drthrasher.org/formaldehyde_embryo_toxicity.html

http://www.drthrasher.org/formaldehyde_1990.html full text
Jack Dwayne Thrasher, Alan Broughton, Roberta Madison.
Immune activation and autoantibodies in humans with
long-term inhalation exposure to formaldehyde.
Archives of Environmental Health. 1990; 45: 217-223.
PMID: 2400243
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////