sucralose (an earnest effort at a neutral summary of both sides of the Splenda
toxicity debate), Wikipedia 2007.03.26: Murray 2007.03.29
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1412

[ Rich Murray: I am delighted with this article, which I have copied fully,
while adding spacing to increase clarity and readability of the dense text, and
putting my comments in square brackets.

As in the case of aspartame, there is no public scientific information that I
have found in 8 years about how many people use huge amounts, above the 8-12
cans daily Diet Coke that John Edwards, current Presidential candidate, drank
for years until Jan 2005, and the levels of various symptoms in these users and
especially in various vulnerable groups, and no adaquate data on the actual
disposition of the metabolic products in humans of these potent chemicals --
their safety forever trumpeted by lavishly funded PR, and used by hundreds of
millions.

I notice that, compared to aspartame, sucralose so far has far fewer user
complaints on the Net or published negative professional findings.

former NC Senator John Edwards gave up 8-12 cans daily Diet Coke about January
2005, switching to caffeine free Diet Sprite Zero with 27% of the aspartame per
can: Murray 2006.12.28
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1392 ]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucralose

Sucralose
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sucralose[1]
Chemical name 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-
D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-
4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside
Other names 1',4,6'-Trichlorogalactosucrose
Trichlorosucrose
Chemical formula C12H19Cl3O8
Molecular mass 397.64 g/mol
CAS number [56038-13-2]
Density ? g/cm3
Melting point 130 °C
SMILES O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CCl)O[C@]
(CCl)1O[C@@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H]
(O)[C@@H](Cl)[C@@H](CO)O2

Sucralose is an artificial sweetener known by the trade name Splenda and
"Altern."
In the European Union, it is also known under the E number (additive code) E955.
It is 320--1,000 times as sweet as sucrose,[2] making it roughly twice as sweet
as saccharin and four times as sweet as aspartame.
It is manufactured by the selective chlorination of sucrose, by which three of
sucrose's hydroxyl groups are substituted with chlorine atoms to produce
1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructo-furanosyl
4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside or C12H19Cl3O8.

Unlike aspartame, it is stable under heat and over a broad range of pH
conditions, and can be used in baking, or in products that require a longer
shelf life.

Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Energy (caloric) content
* 3 Packaging and storage
* 4 Use in branded products
* 5 Cooking
* 6 Safety
* 7 Criticisms and controversy
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links
o 10.1 Science
o 10.2 Press releases

[edit] History

Sucralose was discovered in 1976 by scientists from Tate & Lyle, working with
researchers at Queen Elizabeth College (now part of King's College London).
It was discovered by Leslie Hough and a young Indian chemist, Shashikant
Phadnis.[citation needed]
[ Nature. 1976 Oct 28; 263(5580): 800.
Enhancement in the sweetness of sucrose.
* Hough L,
* Phadnis SP.
PMID: 995198 ]
The duo was trying to test chlorinated sugars as chemical intermediates.
On a late-summer day [ in 1976 ], Phadnis was told to test the powder.
Phadnis thought that Hough asked him to taste it; so he did.
He found the compound to be exceptionally sweet (the final formula was 600 times
sweeter than sugar).
They worked with Tate & Lyle for a year before settling down on the final
formula.

It was first approved for use in Canada (marketed as Splenda) in 1991.
Subsequent approvals came in Australia in 1993, in New Zealand in 1996, in the
United States in 1998, and in the European Union in 2004.
As of 2006, it had been approved in over 60 countries, including Brazil, China,
India and Japan.

Tate & Lyle manufactures sucralose at a plant in McIntosh, Alabama, with
additional capacity under construction in Jurong, Singapore.
It is used in products such as candy, breakfast bars and soft drinks.
Sucralose mixed with maltodextrin and dextrose (both made from corn) as a
bulking agent is sold internationally by McNeil Nutritionals under the Splenda
brand name.
In the United States and Canada, this blend is increasingly found in restaurants
in yellow packets, in contrast to the pink packets commonly used by saccharin
sweeteners and the blue packets used by those containing aspartame; though in
Canada yellow packets are also associated with the SugarTwin brand of cyclamate
sweetener.

[edit] Energy (caloric) content
Front of yellow Splenda consumer packet.
Front of yellow Splenda consumer packet.
Back of yellow Splenda consumer packet.
Back of yellow Splenda consumer packet.

Though marketed in the U.S. as a “No calorie sweetener,” Splenda contains 96
Calories per cup.[3]
This is one eighth the 770 Calories in the same volume of sugar.

Note too that although the “nutritional facts” label on Splenda’s retail
packaging state that a single serving (1 teaspoon = 5 g) contains zero calories,
Splenda actually contains two Calories per teaspoon.[4]
Such labeling is appropriate in the U.S. because the FDA’s regulations permit a
product to be labeled as “zero calories” if the “food contains less than 5
Calories per reference amount customarily consumed and per labeled serving.”[5]
Because Splenda contains a relatively small amount of sucralose (it’s an
extremely sweet compound) and little of that is metabolized anyway since
sucralose is a chlorocarbon, virtually all of Splenda’s caloric content derives
from the highly fluffed dextrose and/or maltodextrin bulking agent, or carrier,
that gives Splenda its volume.
Like other carbohydrates, dextrose and maltodextrin have 4 Calories per gram.

[edit] Packaging and storage

Most products that contain sucralose add bulking agents and additional sweetener
to bring the product to the approximate volume and texture of an equivalent
amount of sugar.
This is because sucralose is nearly 600 times sweeter than sucrose (table
sugar).
Pure sucralose is sold in bulk, but not in quantities suitable for individual
use.
Pure dry sucralose undergoes some decomposition at elevated temperatures.
When it is in solution or blended with maltodextrin it is slightly more stable.

[edit] Use in branded products

Sucralose can be found in more than 4,500 food and beverage products.
Sucralose is used as a replacement of, or in combination with other artificial
sweeteners such as aspartame, acesulfame potassium or high-fructose corn syrup.

[edit] Cooking

Sucralose is the most heat stable artificial sweetener available, allowing it to
be used in many recipes without any use of sugar.
Sucralose is available in granulated form so as to measure cup for cup like
sugar.

[edit] Safety

Comparison of the chemical structures of sucralose (top) and sucrose (bottom).

Sucralose has been accepted by several national and international food safety
regulatory bodies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert
Committee on Food Additives,
The European Union's Scientific Committee on Food,
Health Protection Branch of Health and Welfare Canada
and Food Standards Australia-New Zealand (FSANZ).

The acceptable daily intake for sucralose is 9 mg/kg of body weight per day.[6]
(Note that Splenda is mostly maltodextrin.)

“In determining the safety of sucralose, the FDA reviewed data from more than
110 studies in humans and animals.
Many of the studies were designed to identify possible toxic effects including
carcinogenic, reproductive and neurological effects.
No such effects were found, and FDA's approval is based on the finding that
sucralose is safe for human consumption.”[7]

Concerns have also been raised about the effect of sucralose on the thymus
gland, a gland that is important to the immune system.
A report from NICNAS cites two studies on rats, both of which found "a
significant decrease in mean thymus weight" at a certain dose.[8]
The sucralose dosages which caused the thymus gland effects referenced in the
NICNAS report was 3000 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days.
For an 80 kg (176 lb) human, this would mean a 28-day intake of 240 grams of
sucralose, which is equivalent to more than 20000 individual Splenda packets/day
for approximately one month.
The dose required to provoke any immunological response was 750 mg/kg bw/day,[9]
or 60 grams of sucralose per day, which is more than 5000 Splenda packets/day
(there are 11.9 mg of sucralose in a 1g retail packet of Splenda).
These and other studies were considered by regulators before concluding that
sucralose was safe.

Chlorine atoms are covalently bonded to the carbon atoms in the sucralose
molecule, making it a chlorocarbon.
Many chlorocarbons are toxic; however, sucralose is unlike these chemicals
because it is extremely insoluble in fat and does not accumulate in fat like
most chlorinated hydrocarbons.
In addition, sucralose does not break down or dechlorinate.[10]

The bulk of sucralose ingested does not leave the gastrointestinal tract and is
directly excreted in the feces while 11-27% of it is absorbed.[2]
The amount that is absorbed from the GI tract is largely removed from the blood
stream by the kidneys and excreted in the urine with 20-30% of the absorbed
sucralose being metabolized.[2] Sucralose is digestible by a number of
microorganisms and is broken down once released into the environment.[citation
needed]

Critics of sucralose often favor natural alternatives, including xylitol (birch
sugar widely used during World War II and in sugar-free chewing gum in Finland),
maltitol, thaumatin, isomalt (popular in some European countries),
and Stevia, which is widely used in Japan (in the U.S., it may be sold as a
dietary supplement but not as a food additive).

Splenda usually contains 95% dextrose, which the body metabolizes into glucose.
The safety information that many specialists and the media give to consumers is
that Splenda is safe to ingest as a diabetic sugar substitute "free of
problems".

[edit] Criticisms and controversy

The U.S. sugar industry has claimed that the advertising of Splenda is deceptive
and has filed a formal complaint with the Federal Trade Commission.
Taking issue with Splenda's advertising slogan “made from sugar so it tastes
like sugar,” the Sugar Association states that: "Splenda is not a natural
product. It is not cultivated or grown and it does not occur in nature."
McNeil Nutritionals, the manufacturer of Splenda, has responded that its
"advertising represents the products in an accurate and informative manner and
complies with applicable advertising rules in the countries where Splenda brand
products are marketed."
The consumer advocacy group Citizens for Health has filed a petition with the
FDA.
[ adroit PR firm Qorvis Communications, hired by Sugar Association, coyly sets
up Citizens For Health front to attack sucralose (Splenda):
Murray 2007.03.22
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1411 ]
They have asked the FDA to withdraw its approval of Splenda pending additional
investigation of claimed side effects such as stomach pain and other digestion
problems.[11]
The U.S. Sugar Association has also started a web site where they put forward
their criticism of sucralose.[12]
The Sugar Association’s health-related concerns revolve around three essential
points:

1. Sucralose is a chlorocarbon
2. Up to 27% of sucralose that is ingested is absorbed into the body by the
digestive system
3. Long-term human studies with sucralose have not been performed.

The world's largest retailer of natural and organic foods (Whole Foods Market),
made an official policy statement of not carrying products containing sucralose
in any of its outlets.
The retailer’s health-related concerns revolved around five essential points:

1. Sucralose is an artificial substance, some of which is absorbed by the
body
2. Pre-approval tests indicated a potential for toxicity
3. Sucralose is a chlorinated compound (a chlorocarbon)
4. Independent, controlled human studies had not been performed
5. Long-term human studies with sucralose had not been performed.[13]

[edit] See also

* Sugar substitute
* Aspartame
* Saccharin
* erythritol

[edit] References

1. ^ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 8854.

2. ^ a b c Michael A. Friedman, Lead Deputy Commissioner for the FDA, Food
Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption; Sucralose
Federal Register: 21 CFR Part 172, Docket No. 87F-0086, April 3, 1998

3. ^ According to the Splenda webpage SPLENDA® No Calorie Sweetener, Granular

4. ^ Based upon 96 Calories per cup and 48 teaspoons per cup.

5. ^ Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Volume 2, Pg. 95 – 101, Web
version here.

6. ^ Diabetes.ca

7. ^ FDA Talk Paper T98-16

8. ^ Report from NICNAS, The Australian Government regulator of industrial
chemicals (PDF document)

9. ^ USFDA Department of Health and Human Services, 1998

10. ^ Daniel JW, Renwick AG, Roberts A, Sims J. The metabolic fate of
sucralose in rats. Food Chem Tox. 2000;38(S2): S115-S121.

11. ^ "Sugar industry files complaint over Splenda: In letter to FTC, says ads
are deceptive, sweetener not a natural product" (Reuters Nov. 2, 2006)

12. ^ "The Truth About Splenda" website by the Sugar Association

13. ^ Whole Foods Market (policy statement)

[edit] External links

* Tate & Lyle's Official Website for Sucralose

[edit] Science

* Material Safety Data Sheet for Sucralose
* Computational Chemistry Wiki
* Links to external chemical sources

[edit] Press releases

* FDA press announcement - FDA report on its approval of splenda
* £97m Investment to Significantly Boost Splenda Sucralose Output (PDF) -
describes new manufacturing plant in Singapore
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


adroit PR firm Qorvis Communications, hired by Sugar Association, coyly sets up
Citizens For Health front to attack sucralose (Splenda):
Murray 2007.03.22
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1411

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1328
Migraine from sucralose, Bigal ME & Krymchantowski AV,
Headache 2006 March; formaldehyde from 11% methanol part of
aspartame or from red wine causes same toxicity (hangover) harm:
Murray 2006.04.24

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1257
Comet assay tests groups of 4 mice to show sucralose genotoxicity
in stomach, colon, lung, Yu F Sasaki et al, Mutation Research 2002,
full plain text: Murray 2005.11.22

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1152
reply to Ferne Hudson, Tate & Lyle PLC, re Splenda (sucralose) policy:
Murray 2005.02.08 rmforall

http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/1912/Splenda_is_in_the_s\
potlight_as_calls_to_limit_aspartame_grow.html

"Splenda is in the spotlight as calls to limit aspartame grow
Cancer researchers turn their attention to Tate & Lyle sweetener
By Rick Pendrous
Published: 10 August, 2005
Page 4

The Italian research institute that claimed to have identified a link between
aspartame -- a widely-used artificial sweetener -- and cancer, is to turn the
spotlight on sucralose in a new study, beginning at the end of this year.

The research [ on 760 mice ] by the Ramazzini Foundation for cancer research in
Bologna into sucralose, made by Tate & Lyle under the name Splenda, could last
eight years."


http://www.ehponline.org/members/2005/8711/tab1.jpg
[ transcribed to plain text ]
Table 1. Beverages and diet products studied at the CMCRC/ERF:
status of studies.

Study---------------------------No. of bioassays
---Products-------------------------Species---------No. Study status

1 Water in
polyvinyl chloride bottles---------2 rat a--------------2,200 P b

2 Coca-Cola---------------------4 rat a--------------1,999 RP

3 Pepsi Cola----------------------1 rat-----------------400 E

4 Ethyl alcohol--------------------4 rat, mouse a------1,458 P c

5 Sucrose-------------------------1 rat-----------------400 E

6 Aspartame (APM)--------------6 rat, mouse a------4,460 BO, PP d

7 Sucralose (Splenda)-------------1 mouse *-----------760 BO

8 Caffeine-------------------------1 rat-----------------800 E

9 Vitamin A-----------------------5 rat----------------5,100 E

10 Vitamin C----------------------5 rat----------------3,680 E

11 Vitamin E----------------------5 rat----------------3,680 E

12 Feed sterilized by--------------1 rat a---------------2,000 E
gamma radiation

Total-----------------------------36-------------------26,937

Abbreviations:
BO, biophase ongoing
E, in elaboration
P, published
PP, partially published
RP, ready for publication
a, treatment started from embryonic life
b, data from Maltoni et al. (1997)
c, data from Soffritti et al. (2002a)
d, data from Soffritti et al. (2005).
*, data from Soffritti et al. (1992)


The only other PubMed item for SP Phadnis is:
Bioresour Technol. 2006 Sep; 97(14): 1752-5. Epub 2005 Dec 2.
Treatment of spentwash using chemically modified bagasse and colour removal
studies.
* Mane JD,
* Modi S,
* Nagawade S,
* Phadnis SP,
* Bhandari VM.
Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Manjari, Pune 412 307, India.
jyotijdm@...

Studies were carried out on derivatisation of bagasse into an ion exchange
material and application of this chemically modified bagasse in the treatment of
distillery wastewater.
It was found that CHPTAC bagasse with HCl treatment and DEAE-bagasse in its free
base form were most effective in colour removal and the mechanism of colour
removal indicated significant contribution of both, the conventional ion
exchange and the chemical sorption.
PMID: 16330208
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


aspartame (methanol, formaldehyde) toxicity research summary: Rich Murray
2007.03.29
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1404

One liter aspartame diet soda, about 3 12-oz cans,
gives 61.5 mg methanol,
so if 30% is turned into formaldehyde, the formaldehyde
dose of 18.5 mg is 37 times the recent EPA limit of
0.5 mg per liter daily drinking water for a 10-kg child:
www.epa.gov/teach/chem_summ/Formaldehyde_summary.pdf
2007.01.05 [ does not discuss formaldehyde from methanol
or aspartame ]
http://www.epa.gov/teach/teachsurvey.html comments
teach@...

"Of course, everyone chooses, as a natural priority,
to actively find, quickly share, and positively act upon
the facts about healthy and safe food, drink, and
environment."

Rich Murray, MA Room For All rmforall@...
505-501-2298 1943 Otowi Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/messages
group with 81 members, 1,412 posts in a public, searchable archive
http://RMForAll.blogspot.com

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1340
aspartame groups and books: updated research review of
2004.07.16: Murray 2006.05.11


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1395
Aspartame Controversy, in Wikipedia democratic
encyclopedia, 72 references (including AspartameNM # 864
and 1173 by Murray), brief fair summary of much more
research: Murray 2007.01.01


Dark wines and liquors, as well as aspartame, provide
similar levels of methanol, above 120 mg daily, for
long-term heavy users, 2 L daily, about 6 cans.

Within hours, methanol is inevitably largely turned into
formaldehyde, and thence largely into formic acid -- the
major causes of the dreaded symptoms of "next morning"
hangover.

Fully 11% of aspartame is methanol -- 1,120 mg aspartame
in 2 L diet soda, almost six 12-oz cans, gives 123 mg
methanol (wood alcohol). If 30% of the methanol is turned
into formaldehyde, the amount of formaldehyde, 37 mg,
is 18.5 times the USA EPA limit for daily formaldehyde in
drinking water, 2.0 mg in 2 L average daily drinking water.

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1286
methanol products (formaldehyde and formic acid) are main
cause of alcohol hangover symptoms [same as from similar
amounts of methanol, the 11% part of aspartame]:
YS Woo et al, 2005 Dec: Murray 2006.01.20


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1143
methanol (formaldehyde, formic acid) disposition:
Bouchard M et al, full plain text, 2001: substantial
sources are degradation of fruit pectins, liquors,
aspartame, smoke: Murray 2005.04.02

"According to model predictions, congruent with the data in the
literature [Dorman et al., 1994; Horton et al., 1992], a certain fraction of
formaldehyde is readily oxidized to formate, a major fraction of which
is rapidly converted to CO2 and exhaled, whereas a small fraction
is excreted as formic acid in urine.

However, fits to the available data in rats and monkeys of Horton et
al. [1992] and Dorman et al. [1994] show that, once formed, a substantial
fraction of formaldehyde is converted to unobserved forms.

This pathway contributes to a long-term unobserved compartment.

The latter, most plausibly, represents either the formaldehyde that
[directly or after oxidation to formate] binds to various endogenous
molecules [Heck et al., 1983; Røe, 1982] or is incorporated in the
tetrahydrofolic-acid-dependent one-carbon pathway to become the
building block of a number of synthetic pathways
[Røe, 1982; Tephly and McMartin, 1984].

That substantial amounts of methanol metabolites or by-products are
retained for a long time is verified by Horton et al. [1992] who
estimated that 18 h following an iv injection of 100 mg/kg of
14C-methanol in male Fischer-344 rats,
only 57% of the dose was eliminated from the body.

>From the data of Dorman et al. [1994] and Medinsky et al. [1997],
it can further be calculated that 48 h following the start
of a 2-h inhalation exposure to 900 ppm of 14C-methanol vapors
in female cynomolgus monkeys,
only 23% of the absorbed 14C-methanol was eliminated from the body.

These findings are corroborated by the data of Heck et al. [1983]
showing that 40% of a 14C-formaldehyde inhalation dose remained
in the body 70 h postexposure.

In the present study, the model proposed rests on acute exposure
data, where the time profiles of methanol and its metabolites were
determined only over short time periods
[a maximum of 6 h of exposure and a maximum of 48 h postexposure].

This does not allow observation of the slow release from the long-term
components.

It is to be noted that most of the published studies on the detailed
disposition kinetics of methanol regard controlled short-term
[iv injection or continuous inhalation exposure over a few hours]
methanol exposures in rats, primates, and humans
[Batterman et al., 1998; Damian and Raabe, 1996;
Dorman et al., 1994; Ferry et al., 1980; Fisher et al., 2000;
Franzblau et al., 1995; Horton et al., 1992; Jacobsen et al., 1988;
Osterloh et al., 1996; Pollack et al., 1993; Sedivec et al., 1981;
Ward et al., 1995; Ward and Pollack, 1996].

Experimental studies on the detailed time profiles following
controlled repeated exposures to methanol are lacking."


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1385
Coca-Cola carcinogenicity in rats, Ramazzini Foundation,
F Belpoggi, M Soffritti, Annals NY Academy Sciences
2006 Sept, parts of 17 pages: Murray 2006.12.02

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1382
Fiorella Belpoggi & Morando Soffritti of Ramazzini
Foundation prove lifetime carcinogenicity of Coca-Cola,
aspartame, and arsenic, Annals of the NY Academy of
Sciences: Murray 2006.11.28


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1406
brain cell tangles and neuron death similar to Alzheimers
via low dose formaldehyde from methanol,
Chunlai Nie, Rongqiao He et al, China, 2007.01.23 BMC
Neuroscience 28 pages, 63 references: Murray 2007.01.24

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1369
Bristol, Connecticut, schools join state program to limit
artificial sweeteners, sugar, fats for 8800 students,
Johnny J Burnham, The Bristol Press: Murray 2006.09.22

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1341
Connecticut bans artificial sweeteners in schools,
Nancy Barnes, New Milford Times: Murray 2006.05.25


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1376
soft drinks and adolescent hyperactivity, mental distress,
conduct problems, Lars Lien, Nanna Lien, Sonja Heyerdahl,
Mayne Thoresen, Espen Bjertness 2006 Oct., A J Pub Health:
Murray 2006.10.21

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1375
healthy diet, vitamins, and fish oil help reduce
depression and violence, studies by Joseph Hibbeln,
Bernard Gesch, and Stephen Schoenthaler, articles by
Felicity Lawrence in UK Guardian Unlimited and Pat
Thomas in The Ecologist: Murray 2006.10.21

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1353
carcinogenic effect of inhaled formaldehyde, Federal
Institute of Risk Assessment, Germany -- same safe level
as for Canada: Murray 2006.06.02

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1352
Home sickness -- indoor air often worse, as our homes
seal in pollutants [one is formaldehyde, also from the 11%
methanol part of aspartame],
Megan Gillis, WinnipegSun.com: Murray 2006.06.01


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1366
toxicity in rat brains from aspartame, Vences-Mejia A,
Espinosa-Aguirre JJ et al 2006 Aug: Murray 2006.09.06

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1373
aspartame rat brain toxicity re cytochrome P450 enzymes,
especially CYP2E1, Vences-Mejia A, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ
et al, 2006 Aug, Hum Exp Toxicol: relevant abstracts re
formaldehyde from methanol in alcohol drinks:
Murray 2006.09.29

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1271
combining aspartame and quinoline yellow, or MSG and
brilliant blue, harms nerve cells, eminent C. Vyvyan
Howard et al, 2005 education.guardian.co.uk,
Felicity Lawrence: Murray 2005.12.21

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1277
50% UK baby food is now organic -- aspartame or MSG
with food dyes harm nerve cells, CV Howard 3 year study
funded by Lizzy Vann, CEO, Organix Brands,
Children's Food Advisory Service: Murray 2006.01.13

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1279
all three aspartame metabolites harm human erythrocyte
[red blood cell] membrane enzyme activity, KH Schulpis
et al, two studies in 2005, Athens, Greece, 2005.12.14:
2004 research review, RL Blaylock: Murray 2006.01.14


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1349
NIH NLM ToxNet HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank
inadequate re aspartame (methanol, formaldehyde,
formic acid): Murray 2006.08.19

http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~HwoSfJ:1
HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank: Aspartame

ASPARTAME CASRN: 22839-47-0
METHANOL CASRN: 67-56-1
FORMALDEHYDE CASRN: 50-00-0
FORMIC ACID CASRN: 64-18-6


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1052
DMDC: Dimethyl dicarbonate 200mg/L in drinks adds methanol
98 mg/L ( becomes formaldehyde in body ): EU Scientific
Committee on Foods 2001.07.12: Murray 2004.01.22


http://www.HolisticMed.com/aspartame mgold@...
Aspartame Toxicity Information Center Mark D. Gold
12 East Side Drive #2-18 Concord, NH 03301 603-225-2100

http://www.holisticmed.com/aspartame/abuse/methanol.html
"Scientific Abuse in Aspartame Research"

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/957
safety of aspartame Part 1/2 12.4.2: EC HCPD-G SCF:
Murray 2003.01.12 EU Scientific Committee on Food,
a whitewash

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1045
http://www.holisticmed.com/aspartame/scf2002-response.htm
Mark Gold exhaustively critiques European Commission
Scientific Committee on Food re aspartame ( 2002.12.04 ):
59 pages, 230 references
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/782
RTM: Smith, Terpening, Schmidt, Gums:
full text: aspartame, MSG, fibromyalgia 2002.01.17
Jerry D Smith, Chris M Terpening,
Siegfried OF Schmidt, and John G Gums
Relief of Fibromyalgia Symptoms Following
Discontinuation of Dietary Excitotoxins.
The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2001; 35(6): 702-706.
Malcolm Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Gainesville, FL, USA.
BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia is a common rheumatologic
disorder that is often difficult to treat effectively.
CASE SUMMARY: Four patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia
syndrome for two to 17 years are described.
All had undergone multiple treatment modalities with
limited success.
All had complete, or nearly complete,
resolution of their symptoms within months after
eliminating monosodium glutamate (MSG)
or MSG plus aspartame from their diet.
All patients were women with multiple comorbidities
prior to elimination of MSG.
All have had recurrence of symptoms whenever MSG
is ingested.

Siegfried O. Schmidt, MD Asst. Clinical Prof.
siggy@...
Community Health and Family Medicine, U. Florida,
Gainesville, FL Shands Hospital West Oak Clinic
Gainesville, FL 32608-3629 352-376-5071
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http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/915
formaldehyde toxicity: Thrasher & Kilburn: Shaham: EPA:
Gold: Wilson: CIIN: Murray 2002.12.12

Thrasher (2001): "The major difference is that the
Japanese demonstrated the incorporation of FA and its
metabolites into the placenta and fetus.
The quantity of radioactivity remaining in maternal and
fetal tissues at 48 hours was 26.9% of the administered
dose." [ Ref. 14-16 ]

Arch Environ Health 2001 Jul-Aug; 56(4): 300-11.
Embryo toxicity and teratogenicity of formaldehyde.
[100 references]
Thrasher JD, Kilburn KH. toxicology@...
Sam-1 Trust, Alto, New Mexico, USA.
http://www.drthrasher.org/formaldehyde_embryo_toxicity.html
full text

http://www.drthrasher.org/formaldehyde_1990.html full text
Jack Dwayne Thrasher, Alan Broughton, Roberta Madison.
Immune activation and autoantibodies in humans with
long-term inhalation exposure to formaldehyde.
Archives of Environmental Health. 1990; 45: 217-223.
PMID: 2400243
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