*******************************************************

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1335
Morando Soffritti of Ramazzini Foundation rebuts EFSA AFC critique,
www.laleva.org: Murray 2006.05.05


http://www.efsa.eu.int/press_room/press_release/1472_en.html
http://www.efsa.eu.int/science/afc/afc_opinions/1471_en.html
http://www.efsa.eu.int/science/afc/afc_opinions/1471/afc_op_ej356_aspartame_en1.\
pdf

http://www.laleva.org/eng/2006/05/european_ramazzini_foundation_stands_behind_as\
partame_study_results_announces_ongoing_research_on_artificial_sweeteners.html

European Ramazzini Foundation stands behind aspartame study results,
announces ongoing research on artificial sweeteners 05 May 2006

Response to EFSA's AFC panel decision

The European Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences
"B. Ramazzini", the sole sponsor of a long-term carcinogenesis study
demonstrating that aspartame is a multipotential carcinogenic agent
in rodents, responded today to the opinion announced by the
European Food Safety Authority's Panel on Food Additives,
Flavorings, Processing Aids and Materials (AFC).

Scientific Director of the European Ramazzini Foundation
and primary author of the aspartame study,
Dr. Morando Soffritti, M.D., underlined the importance of EFSA's
interest in the European Ramazzini Foundation's aspartame study
saying, "as the Director of an independent, non-profit institution,
I consider it an important recognition to have our data carefully
considered by EFSA."

Prior long-term carcinogenesis studies on aspartame (4 total)
were conducted over 20 years ago by
the producers of the artificial sweetener
using a small number of animals per sex per group.
The results of these studies provided the basis for the current opinion
regarding the non-carcinogenicity of aspartame.

In responding to the AFC panel comments, Soffritti noted that
"what the panel considers shortcomings of the study are instead
distinctive and positive characteristics of our research protocol,
research which has provided the scientific basis for changes in
international regulations numerous times over the last 30 years."

For instance, the European Ramazzini Foundation conducts
what are known as lifespan mega-experiments,
meaning that large groups of rodents are allowed
to live out their natural lifespan
and are examined for histopathological changes
upon spontaneous death.

This model is in contrast with most laboratories
where rodents are sacrificed at 110 weeks of age
(representing about 2/3 of the lifespan).
The Ramazzini study design closely mirrors the human condition
in which persons may be exposed to agents in the industrial
and general environments from embryonic life until natural death.

"Since 80% of cancer is diagnosed in humans over the age of 55,
it is of paramount importance to observe how an agent affects
laboratory animals in the last third of their lives", notes Soffritti.

He added that "occurrence of chronic pulmonary inflammation
is common in the natural dying process. Moreover, inflammation
was observed in both animals who were treated with aspartame
as well as in the control group."

With regard to a pathology review,
it was not deemed appropriate or necessary to subject
a small subset of the 34,000 slides to external review,
especially given the statistical power of an experiment of this size.

Slides of previous carcinogenesis studies on aspartame
were not reviewed by the AFC panel, an action that Dr. Soffritti
believes should have been obligatory in light of the
European Ramazzini Foundation's results,
at the very least those involving haemopoietic and lymphoid
organs and tissues.
At the highest dose level tested in the Ramazzini study,
25% of female rats bore lymphomas-leukemias
compared with 8.7% in the controls.

Because of the globalization of the industrialized diet
and the ever-increasing use of artificial sweeteners
among billions of people in both industrialized
and developing countries, the European Ramazzini Foundation
considers its work on sweeteners to be of the highest priority
for the protection of public health,
in particular the health of children and pregnant women
who are among the most vulnerable populations.

In light of this goal, and given the inadequacy of most
of the previous carcinogenicity studies on artificial sweeteners,
Soffritti announced today that "we have planned
and are conducting additional research, not only on aspartame,
but also on other widely diffused artificial sweeteners and blends
used in thousands of foods, beverages and pharmaceutical products.
International agencies like EFSA will continue to be our first point
of reference and we will continue to keep them informed
of our results in a timely manner as always."

Press Contact: Kathryn Knowles, Director of Resource Development
European Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences
"B. Ramazzini" +39 0516640460 (ext. 3 ) development@...

Information on the European Ramazzini Foundation's
study on aspartame:

The long term bioassay on aspartame conducted in the laboratories
of the Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center of
European Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences
"B. Ramazzini", represents the largest, most comprehensive
carcinogenicity study ever performed on aspartame,
both in terms of number of rodents and dose levels tested.

The study used 1,800 Sprague-Dawley rats (900 males, 900 females)
of the colony used in the same laboratory for over 30 years.

In order to simulate daily human intake, aspartame was added
to the standard rat diet in quantities of
5000, 2500, 100, 500, 20, 4, and 0 mg/Kg of body weight.
Treatment of the animals began at 8 weeks of age
and continued until spontaneous death.
A complete necropsy and histopathological evaluation
of tissues and organs was then performed on each deceased animal,
for a total of over 34,000 slides examined by microscope.

Results of the study demonstrate that aspartame,
administered at varying levels in feed, causes a statistically significant,
dose-related increase of lymphomas-leukemias and malignant
tumors of the renal pelvis in female rats
and malignant tumors of peripheral nerves in male rats.

These results demonstrate for the first time that aspartame
is a carcinogenic agent, capable of inducing malignancies
at dose levels lower than the current acceptable daily intake for humans
(40 mg/kg of body weight in the EU,
50 mg/kg of body weight in the US).

The first results of the European Ramazzini Foundation's
long term study on aspartame were reported to the Ministry of Health
and to the Superior Institute of Health of the Italian government
in April 2005.
In mid-June, these findings were then communicated to the
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the
Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center of Columbia University,
the National Cancer Institute of the US government,
and the National Toxicology Program
of the US National Institutes of Health.

First results, "Aspartame induces lymphomas and leukemias in rats"
were published in the peer-reviewed European Journal of Oncology
June 2005, Vol.10, n.2, pp.107-116.

Final results of the study, "First Demonstration of the Multipotential
Carcinogenic Effects of Aspartame Administered in the Feed to
Sprague-Dawley Rats" were published in Environmental Health
Perspectives March 2006, Vol.114, n.3, pp. 379-386.
Environmental Heath Perspectives is published by the
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,
part of the US Department of Health and Human Services.
Internationally, it ranks in the top two environmental sciences
journals and top five public health journals.

A 2400+ page report, containing individual rodent data on survival
and all pathological results (both benign and malignant)
as well a complete statistical evaluation was delivered upon request
to the Council of the Superior Institute
of Health of the Italian Ministry of Health,
EFSA's Department of Food Additives, Flavorings, Processing Aids
and Materials in Contact with Food,
the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
of the United States Food and Drug Administration
and the Bureau of Chemical Safety of Health Canada.

About the European Ramazzini Foundation:

The European Foundation of Oncology and Environmental
Sciences "B. Ramazzini" is a non-profit, private institution
with official governmental recognition located in Bologna, Italy.

Its facilities include an Epidemiological Research Center
and the Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC)
of Bentivoglio, where one of world's largest and longest existing
programs of carcinogenicity bioassays is conducted.

In the 10,000 m2 CMCRC laboratories, experiments on up to
15,000 rodents may be conducted simultaneously
and carcinogenicity studies on more than 200 compounds present
in the work and the general environments have been performed.

Compounds demonstrated to be carcinogenic by the CMCRC
include vinyl chloride, benzene, formaldehyde, gasolines and their
components, some pesticides and aspartame.

Current research includes mega-experiments on electromagnetic fields
originating from 50 Hz electric current and electromagnetic fields
generated from radio base stations
used in mobile telephone technologies.

www.ramazzini.it

Posted by archimede on May 5, 2006 03:23 PM | Comments (0)
http://www.laleva.org/ archimede@...

WELCOME!

This site is your portal to health freedom.
We provide information about hidden dangers to your health,
about legislation affecting your freedom of choice
and about those who would profit from dubious
or obviously damaging "solutions".

It is up to you however, to follow the pointers we give,
and to become active -- after all, your health is yours.

This site is news-oriented.
You can follow current developments in health matters here.
For information about La Leva and for more in-depth articles about
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It is believed that this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such
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The material is distributed without profit.
*******************************************************


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1334
European Food Safety Authority discounts Ramazzini study re many
cancers in 1800 rats fed lifetime doses of aspartame:
Calorie Control Council press release: Murray 2006.05.05

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/957
safety of aspartame Part 1/2 12.4.2: EC HCPD-G SCF:
Murray 2003.01.12 rmforall EU Scientific Committee on Food,
a whitewash

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1045
http://www.holisticmed.com/aspartame/scf2002-response.htm
Mark Gold exhaustively critiques European Commission Scientific
Committee on Food re aspartame ( 2002.12.04 ):
59 pages, 230 references

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1189
Michael F. Jacobson of CSPI now and in 1985 re aspartame toxicity,
letter to FDA Commissioner Lester Crawford;
California OEHHA aspartame critique 2004.03.12;
Center for Consumer Freedom denounces CSPI: Murray 2004.07.27
*******************************************************


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1328
migraine from sucralose, Bigal ME & Krymchantowski AV,
Headache 2006 March; formaldehyde from 11% methanol part of
aspartame or from red wine causes same toxicity (hangover) harm:
Murray 2006.05.04

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1329
aspartame or MSG affects circadian rhythms in rats, two studies,
P. Subramanian, T. Manivasagam et al 2004:
Murray 2006.04.27


"Of course, everyone chooses, as a natural priority,
to actively find, quickly share, and positively act upon the facts
about healthy and safe food, drink, and environment."

Rich Murray, MA Room For All rmforall@...
505-501-2298 1943 Otowi Road Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/messages
group with 152 members, 1,335 posts in a public, searchable archive
http://RMForAll.blogspot.com http://AspartameNM.blogspot.com

Dark wines and liquors, as well as aspartame, provide
similar levels of methanol, above 120 mg daily, for
long-term heavy users, 2 L daily, about 6 cans.

Within hours, methanol is inevitably largely turned into formaldehyde,
and thence largely into formic acid -- the major causes of the dreaded
symptoms of "next morning" hangover.

Fully 11% of aspartame is methanol -- 1,120 mg aspartame
in 2 L diet soda, almost six 12-oz cans, gives 123 mg
methanol (wood alcohol). If 30% of the methanol is turned
into formaldehyde, the amount of formaldehyde, 37 mg,
is 18.5 times the USA EPA limit for daily formaldehyde in
drinking water, 2.0 mg in 2 L average daily drinking water.

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1143
methanol (formaldehyde, formic acid) disposition: Bouchard M
et al, full plain text, 2001: substantial sources are
degradation of fruit pectins, liquors, aspartame, smoke:
Murray 2005.04.02

Any unsuspected source of methanol, which the body always quickly
and largely turns into formaldehyde and then formic acid, must be
monitored, especially for high responsibility occupations, often with
night shifts, such as pilots and nuclear reactor operators.

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1291
European Food Safety Authority to decide aspartame safety by May:
caffeine diet drinks cause female hypertension, WC Winkelmayer et al,
JAMA 2005.11.09: PubMed lists 50 items for "diet soft drinks" since
2004 Oct.: Murray 2006.01.24

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1279
all three aspartame metabolites harm human erythrocyte [red blood cell]
membrane enzyme activity, KH Schulpis et al, two studies in 2005,
Athens, Greece, 2005.12.14: 2004 research review, RL Blaylock:
Murray 2006.01.14

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/939
aspartame (aspartic acid, phenylalanine) binding to DNA:
Karikas July 1998: Murray 2003.01.05 rmforall
Karikas GA, Schulpis KH, Reclos GJ, Kokotos G
Measurement of molecular interaction of aspartame and
its metabolites with DNA. Clin Biochem 1998 Jul; 31(5): 405-7.
Dept. of Chemistry, University of Athens, Greece
http://www.chem.uoa.gr gkokotos@...;
K.H. Schulpis inchildh@...; G.J. Reclos reklos@...;

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1271
combining aspartame and quinoline yellow, or MSG and brilliant blue,
harms nerve cells, eminent C. Vyvyan Howard et al, 2005
education.guardian.co.uk, Felicity Lawrence: Murray 2005.12.21

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/925
aspartame puts formaldehyde adducts into tissues, Part 1/2
full text Trocho & Alemany 1998.06.26
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona : Murray 2002.12.22

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1250
aspartame causes cancer in rats at levels approved for humans,
Morando Soffritti et al, Ramazzini Foundation, Italy &
National Toxicology Program
of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
2005.11.17 Env. Health Pers. 35 pages: Murray

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1106
hangover research relevant to toxicity of 11% methanol in aspartame
(formaldehyde, formic acid): Calder I (full text): Jones AW:
Murray 2004.08.05 rmforall

Since no adaquate data has ever been published on the exact
disposition of toxic metabolites in specific tissues in humans of the
11% methanol component of aspartame, the many studies on
morning-after hangover from the methanol impurity in alcohol drinks
are the main available resource to date.

Jones AW (1987) found next-morning hangover from red wine with
100 to 150 mg methanol
(9.5% w/v ethanol, 100 mg/l methanol, 0.01%,
one part in ten thousand).

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1100
research on aspartame (methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid) toxicity:
Murray 2004.07.19 rmforall
*******************************************************


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1316
PubMed abstract: aspartame (methanol becoming formaldehyde)
causes many cancers in rats, Ramazzini Foundation, M Soffritti et al:
Murray 2006.03.06

http://www.ehponline.org/members/2005/8711/8711.html free full text

Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar; 114(3): 379-85.
First experimental demonstration of the multipotential carcinogenic
effects of aspartame administered in the feed to sprague-dawley rats.
Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Esposti DD,
Lambertini L, Tibaldi E, Rigano A.
Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, European Ramazzini
Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy.

The Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center of the European
Ramazzini Foundation has conducted a long-term bioassay on
aspartame (APM), a widely used artificial sweetener.

APM was administered with feed to 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats
(100-150/sex/group), at concentrations of
100,000, 50,000, 10,000, 2,000, 400, 80, or 0 ppm.

The treatment lasted until natural death, at which time
all deceased animals underwent complete necropsy.

Histopathologic evaluation of all pathologic lesions and of all organs
and tissues collected was routinely performed
on each animal of all experimental groups.

The results of the study show for the first time that APM,
in our experimental conditions, causes
a) an increased incidence of malignant-tumor-bearing animals
with a positive significant trend in males (p </= 0.05)
and in females (p </= 0.01),
in particular those females treated at 50,000 ppm (p </= 0.01);

b) an increase in lymphomas and leukemias
with a positive significant trend in both males (p </= 0.05)
and females (p </= 0.01),
in particular in females treated at doses of
100,000 (p </= 0.01), 50,000 (p </= 0.01), 10,000 (p </= 0.05),
2,000 (p </= 0.05), or 400 ppm (p </= 0.01);

c) a statistically significant increased incidence,
with a positive significant trend (p </= 0.01),
of transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis and ureter and their
precursors (dysplasias) in females treated at
100,000 (p </= 0.01), 50,000 (p </= 0.01), 10,000 (p </= 0.01),
2,000 (p </= 0.05), or 400 ppm (p </= 0.05);

and d) an increased incidence of malignant schwannomas
of peripheral nerves with a positive trend (p </= 0.05) in males.

The results of this mega-experiment indicate that APM
is a multipotential carcinogenic agent,
even at a daily dose of 20 mg/kg body weight,
much less than the current acceptable daily intake. [ 50 mg/kg bw ]

On the basis of these results,
a reevaluation of the present guidelines
on the use and consumption of APM is urgent
and cannot be delayed.

Key words: artificial sweetener, aspartame, carcinogenicity,
lymphomas, malignant schwannomas, rats, renal pelvis carcinomas.
PMID: 16507461 Feb 24 2006 04:49:50

Address correspondence to M. Soffritti, Cesare Maltoni Cancer
Research Center, European Ramazzini Foundation of Oncology and
Environmental Sciences, Castello di Bentivoglio, Via Saliceto, 3,
40010 Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy. 39-051-6640460
Fax: 39-051-6640223 crcfr@...
We thank the U.S. National Toxicology Program for convening
a group of pathologists at the
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
to provide a second opinion for a set of malignant lesions and their
precursors related to aspartame treatment, and for their help
in statistical analysis.
We also thank all of the staff involved in the project.
This research was supported by the European Ramazzini Foundation of
Oncology and Environmental Sciences.
The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.
Received 3 October 2005; accepted 16 November 2005.


http://www.ehponline.org/members/2005/8711/tab1.jpg
[ transcribed to plain text ]
Table 1. Beverages and diet products studied at the CMCRC/ERF:
status of studies.

Study---------------------------No. of bioassays
---Products-------------------------Species---------No. Study status

1 Water in
polyvinyl chloride bottles---------2 rat a--------------2,200 P b

2 Coca-Cola---------------------4 rat a--------------1,999 RP

3 Pepsi Cola----------------------1 rat-----------------400 E

4 Ethyl alcohol--------------------4 rat, mouse a------1,458 P c

5 Sucrose-------------------------1 rat-----------------400 E

6 Aspartame (APM)--------------6 rat, mouse a------4,460 BO, PP d

7 Sucralose (Splenda)-------------1 mouse *-----------760 BO

8 Caffeine-------------------------1 rat-----------------800 E

9 Vitamin A-----------------------5 rat----------------5,100 E

10 Vitamin C----------------------5 rat----------------3,680 E

11 Vitamin E----------------------5 rat----------------3,680 E

12 Feed sterilized by--------------1 rat a---------------2,000 E
gamma radiation

Total-----------------------------36-------------------26,937

Abbreviations:
BO, biophase ongoing
E, in elaboration
P, published
PP, partially published
RP, ready for publication
a, treatment started from embryonic life
b, data from Maltoni et al. (1997)
c, data from Soffritti et al. (2002a)
d, data from Soffritti et al. (2005).
*, data from Soffritti et al. (1992)


Investigations into the metabolism of APM have shown that,
in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans,
it is metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract into three constituents --
aspartic acid, phenylalanine, and methanol --
which are absorbed into the systemic circulation (Ranney et al. 1976).

For each molecule of APM,
one molecule of each constituent is produced.

After absorption, they are then used, metabolized, and/or excreted by
the body following the same metabolic pathways
as when consumed through the ordinary diet:

aspartate is transformed into alanine plus oxaloacetate (Stegink 1984);

phenylalanine is transformed mainly into tyrosine and, to a smaller
extent, phenylethylamine and phenylpyruvate (Harper 1984);

and methanol is transformed into formaldehyde and then to formic acid
(Opperman 1984).
*******************************************************

Morando Soffritti 1, Fiorella Belpoggi 1, Davide Degli Esposti 1, Luca
Lambertini 1, Eva Tibaldi 1,
and Anna Rigano 1
1 Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center,
European Ramazzini Foundation of Oncology and
Environmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy
Address of the institution:
Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center,
European Ramazzini Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences.
Castello di Bentivoglio, Via Saliceto, 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
+39/051/6640460 Fax +39/051/6640223 crcfr@...

Address correspondence to
Dr. M. Soffritti, M.D., Scientific Director of the Cesare Maltoni
Cancer Research Center,
European Ramazzini Foundation of Oncology and Environmental
Sciences. Castello di Bentivoglio,
Via Saliceto, 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
+39/051/6640460 Fax +39/051/6640223 crcfr@...

Acknowledgements: A special thanks to the
US National Toxicology Program (NTP)
for convening a group of pathologists at NIEHS
in order to provide a second opinion
for a set of lesions of malignancies and their precursors
related to the APM treatment, and for the help in statistical analysis.

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1250
aspartame causes cancer in rats at levels approved for humans,
Morando Soffritti et al, Ramazzini Foundation, Italy &
National Toxicology Program of National Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences 2005.11.17 Env. Health Pers. 35 pages: Murray

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1226
USA National Institutes of Health National Toxicology
Program aids eminent Ramazzini Foundation, Bologna, Italy,
in more results on cancers in rats from lifetime low levels
of aspartame (methanol, formaldehyde), Felicity Lawrence,
www.guardian.co.uk: Murray 2005.09.30

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1186
aspartame induces lymphomas and leukaemias in rats, full plain text,
M Soffritti, F Belpoggi, DD Esposti, L Lambertini: Ramazzini
Foundation study 2005.07.14: main results agree with their previous
methanol and formaldehyde studies: Murray 2005.09.03

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1189
Michael F Jacobson of CSPI now and in 1985 re aspartame
toxicity, letter to FDA Commissioner Lester Crawford;
California OEHHA aspartame critique 2004.03.12; Center for
Consumer Freedom denounces CSPI: Murray 2005.07.27

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1016
President Bush & formaldehyde (aspartame) toxicity:
Ramazzini Foundation carcinogenicity results Dec 2002:
Soffritti: Murray 2003.08.03 rmforall

p. 88 "The sweetening agent aspartame hydrolyzes in the gastrointestinal
tract to become free methyl alcohol, which is metabolized in the liver
to formaldehyde, formic acid, and CO2. (11)"
Medinsky MA & Dorman DC. 1994; Assessing risks of low-level
methanol exposure. CIIT Act. 14: 1-7.

Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Dec; 982: 87-105.
Results of long-term experimental studies on the carcinogenicity of
formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in rats.
Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Lambertin L,
Lauriola M, Padovani M, Maltoni C.
Cancer Research Center, European Ramazzini Foundation for Oncology
and Environmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy. crcfr@...
Formaldehyde was administered for 104 weeks in drinking water
supplied ad libitum at concentrations of
1500, 1000, 500, 100, 50, 10, or 0 mg/L
to groups of 50 male and 50 female Sprague-Dawley rats beginning at
seven weeks of age.
Control animals (100 males and 100 females) received tap water only.
Acetaldehyde was administered to 50 male and 50 female
Sprague-Dawley rats beginning at six weeks of age at concentrations of
2,500, 1,500, 500, 250, 50, or 0 mg/L.
Animals were kept under observation until spontaneous death.
Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were found to produce an increase
in total malignant tumors in the treated groups
and showed specific carcinogenic effects on various organs and tissues.
PMID: 12562630

Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Dec; 982: 46-69.

Results of long-term experimental studies on the carcinogenicity of
methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol in rats.
Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Cevolani D,
Guarino M, Padovani M, Maltoni C.
Cancer Research Center, European Ramazzini Foundation for Oncology
and Environmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy. crcfr@...
Methyl alcohol was administered in drinking water
supplied ad libitum at doses of
20,000, 5,000, 500, or 0 ppm to groups of male and female
Sprague-Dawley rats 8 weeks old at the start of the experiment.
Animals were kept under observation until spontaneous death.
Ethyl alcohol was administered by ingestion in drinking water at a
concentration of 10% or 0% supplied ad libitum to groups of male and
female Sprague-Dawley rats; breeders and offspring were included in
the experiment.
Treatment started at 39 weeks of age (breeders), 7 days before mating,
or from embryo life (offspring) and lasted until their spontaneous death.
Under tested experimental conditions, methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol
were demonstrated to be carcinogenic for various organs and tissues.
They must also be considered multipotential carcinogenic agents.
In addition to causing other tumors, ethyl alcohol induced malignant
tumors of the oral cavity, tongue, and lips.
These sites have been shown to be target organs in man by
epidemiologic studies.
Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 12562628
*******************************************************