**************************************************************
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1112
Toxicological Profile for Formaldehyde 4/4 plain text, 343 to 468 of 468
pages USA DHHS PHS ATSDR 1999 July:
References, Glossary, Appendices, Figures, Tables: Murray 2004.09.04
rmforall
[ Rich Murray, MA Room For All
rmforall@...
1943 Otowi Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 USA 505-501-2298
Comments by Rich Murray are in square brackets. I have taken some time to
provide this passable, complete plain text copy, which can be posted easily
on the Net and readily searched and copied. However, I was not able to
copy all the lengthly Figures and Tables. I have added spacing to somewhat
increase clarity, and to emphasize some points. Each section has the same
introduction and table of contents. The four sections have URLs
/1109, /1110, /1111 , /1112 in
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1109 ,
but are truncated in the archive to 64 KB. They are available in full at
http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/files/ and
http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartame/files/ and
bionet.neuroscience ]
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp111.pdf 4 MB
TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR FORMALDEHYDE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
July 1999
[
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1108
faults in 1999 July EPA 468-page formaldehyde profile:
Elzbieta Skrzydlewska PhD, Assc. Prof., Medical U. of Bialystok, Poland,
abstracts -- ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, acetaldehyde,
lipid peroxidation, green tea, aging, Lyme disease:
Murray 2004.08.08 rmforall
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1106
hangover research relevant to toxicity of 11% methanol in aspartame
(formaldehyde, formic acid): Calder I (full text): Jones AW:
Murray 2004.08.09 rmforall ]
FORMALDEHYDE ii
DISCLAIMER
The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does
not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry.
FORMALDEHYDE iii
UPDATE STATEMENT
Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary, but no less
than once every three years. [ I could not locate any more recent updates
than July 1999 via Google. ]
For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles,
contact ATSDR at:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch
1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29 Atlanta, Georgia 30333
[
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov atsdric@... 888-42-ATSDR
404-498-0110 fax 404-498-0093
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop E-29 Atlanta, GA 30333
Information line and technical assistance Phone: (800) 447-1544 Fax:
(404) 639-6359
To order toxicological profiles, contact
National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield,
VA 22161 Phone: (800) 553-6847 or (703) 487-4650
Other Agencies and Organizations:
The National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH) focuses on preventing or
controlling disease, injury, and disability related to the interactions
between people and their environment outside the workplace.
http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ 888-232-6789
http://www2.cdc.gov/nceh/contactnceh/frmSubmit.asp email contact
Contact: NCEH, Mailstop F-29, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Atlanta, GA
30341-3724 Phone: 770-488-7000 FAX: 770-488-7015
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts
research on occupational diseases and injuries, responds to requests for
assistance by investigating problems of health and safety in the workplace,
recommends standards to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), and trains
professionals in occupational safety and health.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html eidtechinfo@...
Contact: NIOSH, 200 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20201 . Phone:
513-533-8328 800-356-4674 or NIOSH Technical Information Branch, Robert A.
Taft Laboratory, Mailstop C-19, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH
45226-1998 Phone: 800-35-NIOSH fax 513-533-8573
The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is the
principal federal agency for biomedical research on the effects of chemical,
physical, and biologic environmental agents on human health and well-being.
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/
Contact: NIEHS, PO Box 12233, 104 T.W. Alexander Drive,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 . Phone: 919-541-3212.
Office of Communications 919-541-3345 TTY 919-541-0731
Referrals
The Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics (AOEC) has
developed a network of clinics in the United States to provide expertise in
occupational and environmental issues. Contact:
AOEC, 1010 Vermont Avenue, NW, #513, Washington, DC 20005
Phone: 202-347-4976 FAX: 202-347-4950
Web Page:
http://www.aoec.org/ e-mail:
AOEC@...
AOEC Clinic Director:
http://occ-envmed.mc.duke.edu/oem/aoec.htm.
The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) is
an association of physicians and other health care providers specializing in
the field of occupational and environmental medicine.
http://www.acoem.org/ http://www.acoem.org/feedback/ email contact
Contact: ACOEM, 55 West Seegers Road, Arlington Heights, IL 60005
Phone: 847-818-1800 FAX: 847-818-9266 ]
FORMALDEHYDE vii
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS
Toxicological Profiles are a unique compilation of toxicological information
on a given hazardous substance. Each profile reflects a comprehensive and
extensive evaluation, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic
and epidemiologic information on a substance. Health care providers treating
patients potentially exposed to hazardous substances will find the following
information helpful for fast answers to often-asked questions.
Primary Chapters/Sections of Interest
Chapter 1: Public Health Statement: The Public Health Statement can be a
useful tool for educating patients about possible exposure to a hazardous
substance. It explains a substance's relevant toxicologic properties in a
nontechnical, question-and-answer format, and it includes a review of
the general health effects observed following exposure.
Chapter 2: Health Effects: Specific health effects of a given hazardous
compound are reported by route of exposure, by type of health effect (death,
systemic, immunologic, reproductive), and by length of exposure (acute,
intermediate, and chronic). In addition, both human and animal studies are
reported in this section.
NOTE: Not all health effects reported in this section are necessarily
observed in the clinical setting. Please refer to the Public Health
Statement to identify general health effects observed following exposure.
Pediatrics: Four new sections have been added to each Toxicological Profile
to address child health issues:
Section 1.6 How Can (Chemical X) Affect Children?
Section 1.7 How Can Families Reduce the Risk of Exposure to (Chemical X)?
Section 2.6 Children's Susceptibility
Section 5.6 Exposures of Children
Other Sections of Interest:
Section 2.7 Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect
Section 2.10 Methods for Reducing Toxic Effects
The following additional material can be ordered through the ATSDR
Information Center:
Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Taking an Exposure History - The
importance of taking an exposure history and how to conduct one are
described, and an example of a thorough exposure history is provided.
Other case studies of interest include Reproductive and Developmental
Hazards;
Skin Lesions and Environmental Exposures;
Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticide Toxicity; and
numerous chemical-specific case studies.
FORMALDEHYDE viii
Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents is a three-volume set of
recommendations for on-scene (prehospital) and hospital medical management
of patients exposed during a hazardous materials incident.
Volumes I and II are planning guides to assist first responders and hospital
emergency department personnel in planning for incidents that involve
hazardous materials.
Volume III - Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures - is
a guide for health care professionals treating patients exposed to hazardous
materials.
Fact Sheets (ToxFAQs) provide answers to frequently asked questions about
toxic substances.
THE PROFILE HAS UNDERGONE THE FOLLOWING ATSDR INTERNAL REVIEWS:
1. Health Effects Review. The Health Effects Review Committee examines the
health effects chapter of each profile for consistency and accuracy in
interpreting health effects and classifying end points.
2. Minimal Risk Level Review. The Minimal Risk Level Workgroup considers
issues relevant to substance-specific minimal risk levels (MRLs), reviews
the health effects database of each profile, and makes recommendations for
derivation of MRLs.
3. Data Needs Review. The Research Implementation Branch reviews data needs
sections to assure consistency across profiles and adherence to instructions
in the Guidance.
FORMALDEHYDE ix
CONTRIBUTORS
CHEMICAL MANAGER(S)/AUTHORS(S):
Sharon Wilbur, M.A. [ Not a PhD level degree ]
[ Environmental Health Scientist ]
ATSDR, Division of Toxicology, Atlanta, GA
M. Olivia Harris, M.A. [ Not a PhD level degree ]
ATSDR, Division of Toxicology, Atlanta, GA
[ Environmental Health Scientist
1600 Clifton Road NE, E29 Atlanta, GA 30333
P: 404-639-5091 F: 404-639-6315
oxh0@... ]
Peter R. McClure, Ph.D., DABT [ Veterinarian ]
Syracuse Research Corporation, North Syracuse, NY
[ Syracuse Research Corporation Environmental Science Center
301 Plainfield Road Suite 350 Syracuse, New York 13212 (315) 452 8420
mcclure@... ]
Wayne Spoo, DVM, DABT, DABVT [ Veterinarian ]
Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC
[ Jerry Wayne Spoo Operations Director, Life Sciences and Toxicology
919-541-6000
jwspoo@... http://www.rti.org
http://www.abvt.org/ ]
FORMALDEHYDE xi
PEER REVIEW
A peer review panel was assembled for formaldehyde. The panel consisted of
the following members:
1. Carson Conaway, Research Scientist, American Health Foundation, Valhalla,
New York 10595;
[
http://www.ahf.org/contact/ 914-789-7210 914-789-7243
1 Dana Road Valhalla, NY 10595
300 E. 42nd. Street New York, NY 10017
http://www.ifcp.us/Scientists-Scientists-Carson_Conaway.cfm
Carson Clifford Conaway, Ph. D., DABT [ Veterinarian ]
Research Scientist phone: (914) 789-7210 email:
cconaway@...
Institute for Cancer Prevention
In addition to his research work, Dr. Conaway is an Adjunct Associate
Professor in the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College. In
that capacity, he is called upon to present lectures in toxicology to
graduate students in the College of Basic Medical Sciences and in the School
of Public Health.
2. John Egle, Jr., Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Medical College of Virginia, Smith Bldg., Room 656, Richmond, VA 23219; and
[
http://www.medschool.vcu.edu/ John L. Egle, Jr no longer listed. Last
PubMed study in 1995 . Studies on formaldehyde, 2 in 1974, 1 in 1972, no
PubMed abstracts for these. ]
3. Vincent Garry, Director, Environmental Medicine, University of Minnesota,
421 29th Ave., SE Minneapolis, MN 55414.
[
http://www.iatp.org/foodandhealth/library/admin/uploadedfiles/Vincent_Garry_Bio.\
pdf
Vincent F Garry Title: Professor
Department: Lab Medicine/Pathology (office: Lab Med/Pathology Department)
Dept Campus: UMN Twin Cities
E-mail Address:
garry001@...
Office Address: Lab Med/Pathology Department
225 Mayo 8609 420 Delaware St SE Minneapolis, MN 55455
Campus Mail: Lab Medicine and Pathology
MMC 609 Mayo 8609 420 Delaware St SE Minneapolis, MN 55455
Office Phone: +1 612-626-3354 Fax:+1 612-626-3380
Address: 4829 Girard Ave So Minneapolis, MN 55409
Phone: +1 612-827-7316
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004 Jul 15; 198(2): 152-63.
Pesticides and children.
Garry VF.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Program in Toxicology,
University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Prevention and control of damage to health, crops, and property by insects,
fungi, and noxious weeds are the major goals of pesticide applications.
As with use of any biologically active agent, pesticides have unwanted
side-effects. In this review, we will examine the thesis that adverse
pesticide effects are more likely to occur in children who are at special
developmental and behavioral risk. Children's exposures to pesticides in the
rural and urban settings and differences in their exposure patterns are
discussed.
The relative frequency of pesticide poisoning in children is examined.
In this connection, most reported acute pesticide poisonings occur in
children younger than age 5.
The possible epidemiological relationships between parental pesticide use or
exposure and the risk of adverse reproductive outcomes and childhood cancer
are discussed.
The level of consensus among these studies is examined.
Current concerns regarding neurobehavioral toxicity and endocrine disruption
in juxtaposition to the relative paucity of toxicant mechanism-based studies
of children are explored. PMID: 15236951 ]
FORMALDEHYDE xiii
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . . . v [ text omitted ]
LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND ...vi [ text omitted ]
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS . . . vii
CONTRIBUTORS . . . ix
PEER REVIEW . . . xi
CONTENTS . . . xiii
LIST OF FIGURES . . . xvii
LIST OF TABLES . . . xx
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT . . . 1
1.1 WHAT IS FORMALDEHYDE? . . . 1
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO FORMALDEHYDE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?. . . . . .2
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO FORMALDEHYDE? . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 HOW CAN FORMALDEHYDE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY? . 4
1.5 HOW CAN FORMALDEHYDE AFFECT MY HEALTH? . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 HOW CAN FORMALDEHYDE AFFECT CHILDREN? . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO FORMALDEHYDE?. . . . 6
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO
FORMALDEHYDE? . . . 7
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN
HEALTH? . . . 7
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION? . . . 8
2. HEALTH EFFECTS . . . 9
2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . 9
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE . . . . . . 9
2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure . . . 11
2.2.1.1 Death . . . 11
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects . . . 12
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects. . . 71
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects . . . 79
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects. . . 82
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects. . . 84
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects. . . 85
2.2.1.8 Cancer. . . 89
2.2.2 Oral Exposure. . . 112
2.2.2.1 Death . . . 113
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects. . . 134
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects . . . 144
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects. . . 145
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects. . . 146
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects. . . 148
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects. . . 149
2.2.2.8 Cancer . . . 150
2.2.3 Dermal Exposure . . . 153
FORMALDEHYDE xiv
2.2.3.1 Death . . . 153
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects. . . 154
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects. . . 162
2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects. . . 163
2.2.3.5 Reproductive Effects. . . 164
2.2.3.6 Developmental Effects. . . 164
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects. . . 165
2.2.3.8 Cancer. . . 165
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS. . . 166
2.3.1 Absorption . . 166
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure . . . 167
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure. . . 168
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure. . . 170
2.3.2 Distribution. . . 172
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure. . . 172
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure. . . 174
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure . . . 175
2.3.3 Metabolism . . . 176
2.3.3.1 Inhalation Exposure. . . 177
2.3.3.2 Oral Exposure . . . 180
2.3.3.3 Dermal Exposure. . . 180
2.3.4 Elimination and Excretion . . . 180
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure. . . 180
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure. . . 180
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure. . . 182
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD)
Models. . . 182
2.4 MECHANISMS OF ACTION. . . 188
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms . . . 188
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity. . . 191
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations. . . 195
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH . . . 197
2.6 CHILDREN'S SUSCEPTIBILITY. . . 226
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT. . . 229
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Formaldehyde . .
230
2.7.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Formaldehyde . .
233
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS . . . 235
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE . . . 236
2.10 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
2.10.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure . . . 238
2.10.2 Reducing Body Burden . . . 238
2.10.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects. . . 239
2.11 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE. . . 239
2.11.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Formaldehyde. . . 240
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs. . . 242
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies . . . 263
3. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION. . . 267
3.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY. . . 267
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES . . . 267
4. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/EXPORT, USE, AND DISPOSAL. . . 271
FORMALDEHYDE xv
4.1 PRODUCTION . . . 271
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT. . . 276
4.3 USE . . . 276
4.4 DISPOSAL. . . 280
5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE. . . 283
5.1 OVERVIEW. . . 283
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT. . . 287
5.2.1 Air . . . 287
5.2.2 Water. . . 294
5.2.3 Soil. . . 295
5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE. . . 295
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning . . . 295
5.3.2 Transformation and Degradation. . . 296
5.3.2.1 Air . . . 296
5.3.2.2 Water. . . 298
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil . . . 299
5.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . 299
5.4.1 Air . . . 299
5.4.2 Water. . . 304
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil. . . 304
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media. . . 305
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE . . 305
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN. . . 308
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES . . . 311
5.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE. . . 311
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs. . . 312
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies. . . 315
6. ANALYTICAL METHODS . . . 317
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES . . . 317
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES. . . 320
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE. . . 327
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs. . . 327
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies. . . 330
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES. . . 333
8. REFERENCES. . . 343
9. GLOSSARY. . . 417
APPENDICES
A. ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL. . . A-1
B. USER'S GUIDE. . . B-1
C. ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS. . . C-1
FORMALDEHYDE xvi LIST OF FIGURES
2-1 Levels of Significant Exposure to Formaldehyde-- Inhalation. . . 35
2-2 Levels of Significant Exposure to Formaldehyde-- Oral. . . 129
2-3 Metabolic Pathways of Formaldehyde Biotransformation . . . 178
2-4 Conceptual Representation of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic
(PBPK) Model for A Hypothetical Chemical Substance . . . 185
2-5 Existing Information on Health Effects of Formaldehyde. . . 241
5-1 Frequency of NPL Sites with Formaldehyde Contamination. . . 284
FORMALDEHYDE xviii LIST OF TABLES
2-1 Levels of Significant Exposure to Formaldehyde-Inhalation. . . 13
2-2 Definitions of Selected Epidemiology Terms. . . 91
2-3 Meta-analysis of Epidemiology Studies of Cancer of the Nose and Nasal
Sinuses and Nasopharyngeal Cancer . . . 94
2-4 Levels of Significant Exposure to Formaldehyde-Oral. . . 116
2-5 Levels of Significant Exposure to Formaldehyde-Dermal . . . 155
2-6 Genotoxicity of Formaldehyde In Vivo. . . 220
2-7 Genotoxicity of Formaldehyde In Vitro. . . 221
2-8 Ongoing Studies on Formaldehyde. . . 264
3-1 Chemical Identity of Formaldehyde. . . 268
3-2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Formaldehyde. . . 269
4-1 Facilities That Manufacture or Process Formaldehyde. . . 273
4-2 U.S. Formaldehyde Capacity and Production. . . 275
4-3 Distribution of Formaldehyde Production According to Uses in the United
States. . . 277
5-1 Releases to the Environment from Facilities That Manufacture or Process
Formaldehyde. . . 288
5-2 Environmental Transformation Products of Formaldehyde by Medium
. . . 297
5-3 Indoor Concentrations of Formaldehyde in U.S. Homes. . . 301
5-4 Ongoing Studies on the Potential for Human Exposure to Formaldehyde
. . . 316
6-1 Analytical Methods for Determining Formaldehyde and Metabolites in
Biological Samples . . . 318
6-2 Analytical Methods for Determining Formaldehyde in Environmental
Samples. . . 321
6-3 Ongoing Studies on Formaldehyde. . . 331
7-1 Regulations and Guidelines Applicable to Formaldehyde. . . 334
**************************************************************
FORMALDEHYDE 343 8. REFERENCES
*Cited in text
3M Company. 1985. Organic vapor method no. 4D. 3M Company Occupational
Health and Safety Products Laboratory. May 1985.
*Aaron CK, Howland MA. 1994. Goldfrank's Toxicological emergencies. Norwalk,
CT: Appleton and Lange.
Abbott FV, Franklin KB, Libman RB. 1986. A dose-ratio comparison of Mu and
Kappa agonists in formalin and thermal pain. Life Sci 39: 2017-2024.
Abbott FV, Hong Y, Blier P. 1997. Persisting sensitization of the
behavioural response to formalininduced injury in the rat through activation
of serotonin2A receptors. Neuroscience 77: 575-584.
*ACGIH. 1992. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical
agents and biological exposure indices. American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists. Cincinnati, OH.
ACGIH. 1995. 1995-1996 Threshold limit values for chemical substances and
physical agents and biological exposure indices. American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Cincinnati, OH.
*ACGIH. 1998. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical
agents and biological exposure indices. American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists. Cincinnati, OH.
*Acheson ED, Barnes HR, Gardner MJ, et al. 1984a. Formaldehyde process
workers and lung cancer. Lancet 1: 1066-1067.
Acheson ED, Gardner MJ, Pannett B, et al. 1984b. Formaldehyde in the British
chemical industry. Lancet 1: 611-616.
*Adams DO, Hamilton TA, Lauer LD, et al. 1987. The effect of formaldehyde
exposure upon the mononuclear phagocyte system of mice.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 88: 165-174.
Adams RM, Maibach HI. 1985. A five-year study of cosmetic reactions.
J Am Acad Dermatol 13: 1062-1069.
*Adinolfi M. 1985. The development of the human blood-CSF-brain barrier.
Dev Med Child Neurol 27: 532-537.
Addy M, Mostafa P. 1988. Dentine hypersensitivity. I. Effects produced by
the uptake in vitro of metal ions, fluoride and formaldehyde onto dentine.
J Oral Rehab 15: 575-585.
*Akbar-Khanzadeh F, Mlynek JS. 1997. Changes in respiratory function after
one and three hours of exposure to formaldehyde in non-smoking subjects.
Occup Environ Med 24: 296-300.
FORMALDEHYDE 344 8. REFERENCES
*Akbar-Khanzadeh F, Vaquerano MU, Akbar-Khanzadeh M, et al. 1994.
Formaldehyde exposure, acute pulmonary response, and exposure control
options in a gross anatomy laboratory. Am J Ind Med 26: 61- 75.
Akubue PI, Stohs SJ. 1993. Effect of alachlor on the urinary excretion of
malondialdehyde, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone by rats.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 50: 565-571.
Akubue PI, Bagchi D, Ihm WJ, et al. 1994. Excretion of malondialdehyde,
formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and methyl ethyl ketone in the urine of
rats given an acute dose of malondialdehyde. Arch Toxicol 68: 338-341.
*Albert RE, Sellakumar AR, Laskin S, et al. 1982. Gaseous formaldehyde and
hydrogen chloride induction of nasal cancer in the rat.
J Natl Cancer Inst 68: 597-603.
Alderson T. 1985. Formaldehyde-induced mutagenesis: a novel mechanism for
its action. Mutat Res 154: 101-110.
*Alexandersson R, Hedenstierna G. 1988. Respiratory hazards associated with
exposure to formaldehyde and solvents in acid-curing paints.
Arch Environ Health 43: 222-227.
*Alexandersson R, Hedenstierna G. 1989. Pulmonary function in wood workers
exposed to formaldehyde: A prospective study. Arch Environ Health 44: 5-11.
Alfheim JA, Langford CH. 1985. Determination of formaldehyde with the
thermal lens effect. Anal Chem 57: 861-864.
Alldredge AL, Elias M, Gotschalk CC. 1986. Effects of drilling muds and mud
additives on the primary production of natural assemblages of marine
phytoplankton. Mar Environ Res 19: 157-176.
Aloisi AM, Zimmermann M, Herdegen T. 1997. Sex-dependent effects of formalin
and restraint on CFos expression in the septum and hippocampus of the rat.
Neuroscience 81: 951-958.
*Altman PK, Dittmer DS. 1974. In: Biological handbooks: Biology data book.
Vol. III, 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD:
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1987-2008, 2041.
*Altshuller AP. 1993. Production of aldehydes as primary emissions and from
secondary atmospheric reactions of alkenes and alkanes during the night and
early morning hours. Atmos Environ 27: 21-32.
*Amdur MO. 1960. The response of guinea pigs to inhalation of formaldehyde
and formic acid alone and with a sodium chloride aerosol.
Int J Air Pollut 3: 201-220.
Ancona-Alayon A, Jimenez-Castilla JL, Gomez-Alvarez EM. 1976. Dermatitis
from epoxy resin and formaldehyde in shampoo packers.
Contact Dermatitis 2: 356-364.
Andersen I. 1986. Effects of airborne substances on nasal function in human
volunteers. In: Barrow CS, ed. Toxicology of the nasal passages. Washington,
DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 143-154.
*Andersen I, Molhave L. 1983. Controlled human studies with formaldehyde.
In: Gibson JE, ed. Formaldehyde toxicity. Washington, DC: Hemisphere
Publishing Corporation, 154-165.
FORMALDEHYDE 345 8. REFERENCES
*Andersen ME, Kirshnan K. 1994. Relating in vitro to in vivo exposures with
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