AIDS kisilining zeherlik chikimlikni okul qilip urush bilen munasiwet
ikenligi hemmimizge melum, hem Junggodiki jumlidin Uyghur
ilidiki AIDS kisilining tarqash ehwali kunsayin eghirlishiwatqanlighi
koz yumghili bolmaydighan bir heqiqet.

Towendiki maqalida hazir Junggodiki zeherlik chikimlik
chekkuchilerning 3.6 miliyundin 6.2 miliyun ariliqida ikenligi
dokilat qilinghan.

Bu sanliq melumatlardin Junggodiki jumlidin Uyghur ilidiki AIDS
kisilining bundin kiyinki tarqash ehwalining yenimu eghir
bolidighanliqini qiyas qilish qiyin emes.

Demography of HIV/AIDS in China

A Report of the Task Force on HIV/AIDS Center for Strategic and
International Studies

Authors: Bates Gill, Yanzhong Huang, Xiaoqing Lu

Intravenous Drug Users

Background

China has a long history of drug abuse, which reached epidemic
proportions in the late nineteenth century as Western nations
imported and distributed opium following China's defeat in the two
Opium Wars of 1839–1842 and 1856–1860. By 1906, China had an
estimated 13.5 million opium addicts consuming 39,000 metric tons of
opium a year, representing 27 percent of adult males. Beginning in
1950, the communists employed a mass mobilization campaign to
eradicate drug abuse throughout the country and within three years
had essentially eliminated that abuse.

In the 1980s, heroin and opium abuse reemerged in China. Opening
borders, rising incomes, and increasing personal mobility are all
contributing to a growing epidemic of drug abuse. In other cases,
problems of joblessness and social alienation lead persons to drug
use as well. Heroin and opium were first available in the southwest
border region, primarily along the Yunnan-Myanmar border. Much of the
heroin imported into China is produced in Myanmar and is easily
smuggled across the mountainous border. Smuggled into Yunnan and
Guangxi provinces, it is ultimately destined for Xinjiang province
(where large numbers of users are found) or cities along China's
prosperous East Coast, where it is either consumed or smuggled abroad.

Because of its long, mountainous and unguarded border with the poppy
growing and heroin production region of the golden triangle, Yunnan
province is China's front line in the war against drugs. There are
wildly divergent estimates of the total amount of heroin produced in
Myanmar and trafficked through China (amphetamines and ketamine are
also trafficked in smaller quantities), ranging between 80 and 2,300
tons per year. While government seizures have steadily increased
since the government began releasing statistics, recent years have
seen heroin seizures stabilize around 10 tons per year. Yunnan and
the other border provinces are primarily transit areas and not
necessarily "destination markets" for illicit drugs. Nevertheless,
traffickers are adept at developing markets for their product along
smuggling routes. Cultivating consumption along trafficking routes
generates income along the way, hedges against subsequent seizures of
the product and creates "friendly territory" where the traffickers
can more easily find "mules" and transit the area in greater safety.
As a result, drug abuse has become common along key border and
transit points and highways leading north and east.

China and particularly Yunnan province have waged an active campaign
against drugs, mounting robust supply interdiction and demand
reduction campaigns. In the past, Yunnan province reported success in
reducing the number of registered drug users: from 67,000 in 1990 to
44,245 in 2000. However, three provincial surveys conducted in 2004
found that the number of addicts in the province numbered 68,000.
Outside experts suspect the number is at least two to three times
that number.

To address the growing number of addicts, the government has
increased national and provincial budgets to be used to pay
informants to turn in users and dealers and build new drug
detoxification centers. The National Narcotics Control Commission
(NNCC), China's counternarcotics coordinating body under the Ministry
of Public Security, received an annual budget of less than $1 million
in the mid-1990s, but by 1998 its budget had increased to
approximately $4.5 million and by 2003 to about $17.5 million.
Provincial budgets for counterdrug work has also increased, as have
the amounts of central government grants allocated to provinces to
counter drug smuggling and drug use.

In 2004, the central government began promoting a policy encouraging
the provinces to expand their drug detoxification center capacity. In
2005, the central government allocated RMB100 million (approximately
$12 million) to expand detoxification centers from 2004 to 2008, and
local governments have also planned to spend millions of yuan for the
same purpose. Many of the facilities are slated to include segregated
areas for HIV-positive inmates.

Yunnan province is planning to expand the capacity of its
rehabilitation centers to accommodate 68,000 people by 2008, up from
the 36,000 available now. This expansion will allow the province to
lengthen sentences in the hope that recidivism can be reduced. A
total of 56,056 addicts were admitted to detoxification centers in
Yunnan in 2004, compared with 35,913 in 2003.

Nationwide, public security officers detained 273,000 drug users in
2004, placing them in compulsory rehabilitation and detoxification
facilities. Over 68,000 drug users were detained in reeducation
through labor facilities operated by justice bureaus. As of 2004, the
Ministries of Public Security and Justice operated 583 drug
rehabilitation centers with a capacity of 116,054 beds and an
additional 165 drug facilities with 143,000 beds for rehabilitation
through education and labor.

Drug users in China are largely young and are typically poorly
educated. Of the registered drug users in Yunnan province, for
example, 2.2 percent are 18 years old or younger, 33.2 percent are
aged between 18 and 25, 37.9 percent are between ages 26 and 37, and
26.6 percent are 37 years or older. In Beijing, there are an
estimated 26,000 drug users, 4,000 over the age of 35. More than 50
percent of Shanghai's some 17,000 registered drug addicts are
teenagers and young people under 30. Moreover, people under the age
of 18 are the biggest users of ecstasy, or the "head-swaying pill" as
it is known locally. Over 80 percent of the 189,000 known drug users
in Guangdong are young people, according to the Guangdong Provincial
Anti-Drugs Committee. According to the "Chinese Anti-Drug
Whitepaper," the majority of China's drug users were
considered "young people," with 79.2 percent of them below the age of
35.

Ethnic minorities—such as the Uighur in Xinjiang province, the Yi in
southern Sichuan province, and the Dai and Mosuo in Yunnan province—
are disproportionately represented among drug-using populations (and
HIV-positive populations) in China.

Until the mid-1990s, HIV infection in IDUs was reported only in
Yunnan province. A 1993 behavioral survey detected no HIV infection
among drug users in provincial drug detoxification centers outside
Yunnan. By 1996, however, HIV had spread to IDUs beyond Yunnan's
borders, to Guangxi, Guangdong, and Xinjiang. By 2002, it was found
among drug users in all 31 provinces. Seven provinces—Yunnan,
Xinjiang, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Hunan—account for
nearly 90 percent of HIV/AIDS cases among IDUs in China, with each
province having more than 10,000 such cases.

Overall, between 1990 and 2003, China has seen a 15-fold increase in
the reported number of illegal drug users. As of early 2007, the
number of registered drug users exceeded 1 million. Dr. Wu Zunyou,
head of China's National Center for HIV/AIDS, stated in June 2005
that there were 1,140,000 registered drug abusers as of 2004, with as
many as 85 percent abusing heroin, or about 970 million (Note: this
should be thousand) IDUs. Some estimates place the actual population
at four to seven times the reported number. If 85 percent of these
are IDUs, then the actual number of IDUs in China may be between 3.6
and 6.2 million.