SCHAFER AUTISM REPORT "Healing Autism:
No Finer a Cause on the Planet"
________________________________________________________________
Friday, February 3, 2006 Vol. 10 No. 20
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ADVOCACY
* Federal Judge Rules That Asperger's Syndrome Is A Disability
RESEARCH
* The Age of Autism: New Test Of Gold Salts
* Treatment of Down Syndrome In Mice Restores Nerve Growth
In Cerebellum
* Genomic and Functional Profiling of Duplicated Chromosome 15
Cell Lines Reveal. . .
* Update On Vaccine: Liability In The United States. . .
TREATMENT
* Mother Assures Parents of Autistic Children That There Is Hope
MEDIA
* Suzanne Wright on ABC's "The View"
COMMENTARY
* Special Education Judicial Benchmark
* We Have It Coming - Hoover Institute
SPECIAL
* Autism Projects in Memory of Liz Birt
ADVOCACY
Federal Judge Rules That Asperger's Syndrome Is A Disability
http://tinyurl.com/aoe65
A York County girl who suffers from Asperger's syndrome is entitled to
special education services even though she completes her homework, behaves
well in class and scores well on tests, a federal judge ruled.
U.S District Judge D. Brock Hornby ordered School Administrative
District 55 to assemble a team of teachers and specialists to design an
appropriate learning program for the girl, identified in court documents
only as "L.I."
In his ruling, Hornby said the girl's parents demonstrated that the
disability adversely affects her educational performance "and is thus
eligible for special education under (federal law) due to her Asperger
syndrome and her depressive disorder."
Richard O'Meara, the family's lawyer, said the decision recognizes
that social development is an important part of education, along with
academic studies.
"Education is so much more than academic performance," O'Meara said.
"Hopefully, this will put that debate to rest once and for all."
While Hornby overturned the district's decision to deny services, the
judge also denied the family's reimbursement request for the two years of
private school tuition it has paid since taking her out of public school in
2003.
Nonetheless, advocates for the disabled hailed the ruling as a
victory.
The decision clarifies the question of who is eligible for services,
and it will have an impact both in the state and beyond, said Peter Rice of
the Disability Rights Center of Maine.
Eric Herlan, lawyer for SAD 55, declined to comment until he has
reviewed the 48-page ruling, which was issued Monday afternoon.
Asperger's syndrome is a milder variant of autism. The name comes from
Dr. Hans Asperger, an Austrian who described the syndrome in 1944.
Hornby's ruling described Asperger's as a "clinically recognized
pervasive developmental disability" with symptoms that include "limited
interests or an unusual preoccupation with a particular subject to the
exclusion of other activities."
School is challenging for Asperger's students because they often have
poor social skills and difficulty communicating, Hornby wrote.
L.I., who attended public schools in Hiram and Cornish through 5th
grade, performed well academically but in the fourth grade her teachers
noticed that she looked sad, anxious and had a difficult time making
friends.
When she was in sixth grade, she stopped studying and attempted to
commit suicide by overdosing on several medications. A psychiatrist
evaluated her and diagnosed her with Asperger's syndrome and "depressed
mood."
A team assembled by the school, however, denied special education
services to her "since there was no adverse impact on her academic
progress." Her family appealed but the decision was upheld by an independent
hearing officer.
O'Meara said the decision could have a broad impact. "It should
qualify kids for special education even when academically it seems they are
able to succeed in school," he said.
See COMMENTARY below: Special Education Judicial Benchmark
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RESEARCH
The Age of Autism: New Test Of Gold Salts
By Dan Olmsted for UPI http://tinyurl.com/ddz7k
A Columbia University scientist plans to test whether gold salts
improve the functioning of "autistic mice" -- a step toward finding whether
they could help children with autism.
Dr. Mady Hornig of Columbia's Mailman School of Public Health will
give the compound to mice that have been bred to be susceptible to
thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative in children's immunizations until
recently. Some researchers and parents believe thimerosal is implicated in
the explosion of autism diagnoses over the past decade, though federal
health authorities say that theory has been discredited.
In previous research, Hornig found that the susceptible mouse breed
shows autistic-like behaviors, including self-mutilation, when given
thimerosal at doses proportionate to those children received until recently.
Hornig "is developing a treatment protocol using gold salts which she
will administer to these genetically susceptible mice to determine if the
treatment might improve their behavior and brain function and if there are
side effects," according to an announcement of the project by the National
Autism Association.
"Gold tightly binds mercury and there are anecdotal reports of gold
salts being effective in improving autism outcomes."
That is a reference to Age of Autism's report last year that the first
person ever diagnosed with the disorder improved significantly after
treatment with gold salts. That child, known as Donald T., was given the
compound to treat a life-threatening attack of juvenile arthritis in 1946,
when he was 12 years old.
According to Donald's brother, interviewed in the small Mississippi
town where both still live, the treatment cleared up the arthritis -- and
his autism improved markedly and unexpectedly as well.
+ Full article here: http://tinyurl.com/ddz7k
EVIDENCE OF HARM DISCUSSION LIST HEATS UP
AS MERCURY LINK TO AUTISM QUESTION SPREADS
An Evidence of Harm email discussion list has
been created in response to the growing interest
in the book and the issues it chronicles. Now
1,200 subscribers. Here is how to subscribe
(no cost): EOHarm-subscribe at yahoogroups.com
. . .
Treatment of Down Syndrome In Mice Restores Nerve Growth In Cerebellum
From Johns Hopkins Medicine http://tinyurl.com/dymx3
Researchers at Johns Hopkins restored the normal growth of specific
nerve cells in the cerebellum of mouse models of Down syndrome (DS) that
were stunted by this genetic condition. The cerebellum is the rear, lower
part of the brain that controls signals from the muscles to coordinate
balance and motor learning.
The finding is important, investigators say, because the cells rescued
by this treatment represent potential targets for future therapy in human
babies with DS. And it suggests that similar success for other DS-related
disruptions of brain growth, such as occurs in the hippocampus, could lead
to additional treatments - perhaps prenatally - that restore memory and the
ability to orient oneself in space.
DS is caused by an extra chromosome 21, a condition called trisomy - a
third copy of a chromosome in addition to the normal two copies. Children
with DS have a variety of abnormalities, such as slowed growth, abnormal
facial features and mental retardation. The brain is always small and has a
greatly reduced number of neurons.
A report on the Hopkins work with trisomic mice, led by Roger H.
Reeves, Ph.D., professor in the Department of Physiology and the
McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine at Hopkins, appears in the
January 24 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
(PNAS).
Reeves and his team used an animal model of DS called the Ts65Dn
trisomic mouse to show that pre-nerve cells called granule cell precursors
(GCP) fail to grow correctly in response to stimulation by a natural
growth-triggering protein. This protein, called Sonic hedgehog (Shh),
normally activates the so-called Hedgehog pathway of signals in these cells.
These signals stimulate mitosis (cell division) and multiplication of the
cells in the growing, newborn brain, according to the researchers.
+ Full article here: http://tinyurl.com/dymx3
. . .
Abstracts - contain technical language.
Genomic and Functional Profiling of Duplicated Chromosome 15 Cell Lines
Reveal Regulatory Alterations in UBE3A-associated Ubiquitin-Proteasome
Pathway Processes.
http://tinyurl.com/9lj9d
Baron CA, Tepper CG, Liu SY, Davis RR, Wang NJ, Schanen NC, Gregg JP.
Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine,
Sacramento, CA 95817.
Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder having both genetic
and epigenetic etiological elements.
Isodicentric chromosome 15 (Idic15), characterized by duplications of
the multi-disorder critical region of 15q11-14, is a relatively common
cytogenetic event.
When the duplication involves maternally-derived content, this
abnormality is strongly correlated with autism disorder.
However, the mechanistic links between Idic15 and autism are
ill-defined.
In order to gain insight into the potential role of these
duplications, we performed a comprehensive, genomics-based characterization
of an in vitro model system consisting of lymphoblast cell lines derived
from individuals with both autism and Idic15.
Array-based comparative genomic hybridization using commercial single
nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays was conducted and found to be capable
of sub-classifying Idic15 samples by virtue of the lengths of the duplicated
chromosomal region.
In further analysis, whole-genome expression profiling revealed that
112 transcripts were significantly dysregulated in samples harboring
duplications.
Paramount among changing genes was ubiquitin protein ligase E3A
(UBE3A; 15q11-q13), which was found to be nearly 1.5 - 2.0-fold upregulated
in duplicated samples at both the RNA and protein levels.
Other key findings from gene expression analysis included two
down-regulated genes, APP and SUMO1, with well-characterized roles in the
process of apoptosis.
We further demonstrate in this lymphoblast model that the gene-dosage
directed increases in UBE3A levels can lead to dysregulation of the process
of ubiquitination in response to genotoxic insult.
This study provides insight into the direct and indirect effects of
copy number gains in chromosome 15 and provides a framework for the study of
these effects in neuronal systems.
PMID: 16446308 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
. . .
Update On Vaccine: Liability In The United States Presentation At The
National Vaccine Program Office Workshop On Strengthening The Supply Of
Routinely Recommended Vaccines In The United States, 12 February 2002
http://tinyurl.com/9a659
Evans G., National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, Health Resources and
Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville,
MD 20857, USA. gevans@...
Two decades ago, a liability crisis brought on by concerns about the
safety of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine led to supply
shortages and calls for rationing of the vaccine.
Vaccine prices skyrocketed, and research on new products was
threatened.
In response, Congress created the National Vaccine Injury Compensation
Program, which is tort reform legislation designed to compensate individuals
quickly, easily, and generously.
Since 1988, the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program has stabilized the
marketplace, as evidenced by high immunization rates, stable pricing, and an
increasing number of vaccine candidates in development.
Although current vaccine shortages do not appear to be related to
issues of liability, a new wave of tort litigation alleging that some
vaccines cause autism has led to speculation that history could repeat
itself.
PMID: 16447135 [PubMed - in process]
. . .
TREATMENT
Mother Assures Parents of Autistic Children That There Is Hope
(The Register-Mail Via Thomson Dialog NewsEdge)
http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2006/02/03/1339741.htm
To a casual observer at the bowling alley in Galesburg, Ill., Tyler
Ferris looked like any other 4-year-old.
He was helping his dad play "Lord of the Rings" pinball and his mother
helped him with two racing video games. Tyler went from machine to machine,
talking almost constantly.
Two years ago, his parents could only dream of Tyler acting like other
children his age.
Tyler has autism, the fastest-growing developmental disability among
children. The number of children diagnosed with autism has risen from 1 in
2,000 15 years ago, to 1 in 250 two years ago to 1 in 166 today.
A child with autism is unable to relate to or communicate with others.
For a parent, the diagnosis is devastating.
"It was like somebody had just punched me in the stomach," said
Tyler's mother, Annette Ferris. "I felt like I couldn't even breathe. I was
very angry, the way it came out, that someone was saying there was something
wrong with my child and I didn't even know what autism was."
The Symptoms
Looking back, she said Tyler showed many of the symptoms. When Tyler
was 14 months old, he started acting like he was deaf. He wouldn't turn
around when his parents called his name, and when they clapped their hands
behind him "he wouldn't even flinch."
By 16 months, he lost all eye contact with people. He had started to
say words, like dada and mama, but at 18 months, he stopped talking. Tyler
preferred to sit and play by himself for hours at a time and didn't want to
interact with anyone. While normal children might have a temper tantrum that
lasts five or 10 minutes, Tyler's would go on for 40 or 45 minutes,
sometimes eight times a day.
His parents could not take Tyler to a grocery store or restaurant; he
didn't like change.
"I felt like I was a prisoner," Ferris said. "I felt like this child
hates me. What am I doing wrong? It was a living hell."
When Tyler was 22 months old, he was taken to a local ear, nose and
throat doctor for a hearing test and because he was having chronic ear
infections. She had always taken Tyler for all of his normal pediatric
checkups, so as she was talking to the specialist, she received a shock.
"He said, 'You know, Mrs. Ferris, I don't think you need to be as
concerned about his hearing. I think you need to be worried about autism.'"
Early Intervention
Arrangements were made for Tyler to be tested in Iowa City, Iowa, but
there was a four-month wait.
Ferris met a woman who said her granddaughter had a speech-delay
problem. The woman told her about an early intervention program available in
Illinois to help children.
Ferris called the local office of Child and Family Connections, in
Roseville. The CFC sent speech language pathologists, developmental
therapists, physical therapists and occupational therapists to her home to
screen Tyler. He qualified for the state's early intervention program.
Every child in Illinois from birth to 3 years is eligible. Therapists
started working with Tyler at his home and once he was diagnosed in Iowa
City, the intervention program was modified to address his needs.
Ferris met Shelly Hawk, the owner of Child Development Associates. Her
developmental therapists worked with Tyler along with other specialists from
the CFC.
Hawk said early diagnosis and intervention is important for children
with autism.
"The prognosis is different for every child," Hawk said. "With
appropriate treatment, the prognosis is good."
Hawk said the children she treats do not interact socially. They may
be able to say words, but they can't carry on a conversation. Some will
repeat the same thing over and over.
Autistic children also do functional play, like running a car back and
forth, but they can't do pretend play based on creative thought, Hawk said.
Working with children up to age 3, the therapists try to teach
autistic children to communicate and relate to others.
+ Full article here:
http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2006/02/03/1339741.htm
. . .
MEDIA
Suzanne Wright on ABC's "The View"
http://www.autismspeaks.org/inthenews/view_suzanne_wright_transcript.php
The edited transcript below is of Autism Speaks Co-founder Suzanne
Wright's appearance on a segment of the Jan. 18, 2006, telecast of the ABC
daytime talk show, "The View."
For the story on the show, click here.
http://www.autismspeaks.org/inthenews/view_suzanne_wright.php
BARBARA WALTERS, co-host:
I bet there's not anyone in our viewing audience who doesn't know
someone who knows a child who is autistic. Well, Suzanne Wright, who's the
wife of the vice chairman of GE and the chairman/CEO of NBC - we don't mind,
do we?
SUZANNE WRIGHT: I'm an alumnus here.
WALTERS: That's right. Well Suzanne learned the devastating effects
that autism can have on an entire family when her three-year-old grandson
was diagnosed with autism and now she's on a mission to help find a cure for
a disorder that is so shrouded in mystery.
I'm very glad you're on because I think, as I said, almost everybody
knows somebody. Our own audience, everyone is shaking their head. Tell
people, first of all, what autism is. Ten years ago we almost never heard of
a child who was autistic; when we did they blamed the parents.
WRIGHT: That's right. Ten years ago it was one in 10,000. Autism is
now a national epidemic. It's one in 166 children. My little guy, he had 800
words, he was potty trained and in a period of two months he lost
everything. It was so devastating to our family and to my daughter Katie.
Autism manifests itself in many ways. Kids lose their speech or they
have no speech. They have terrible, terrible temper tantru They are
self-injurious, they have fitful night sleeps. Katie and Andreas have so
little sleep. Christian's up all night wandering the apartment. (Visual of
photo of Suzanne and Christian)
MEREDITH VIEIRA, co-host:
Your grandson is Christian; I just want to give his name because he's
a very important little boy. And he was two-years-old when he was diagnosed?
WRIGHT: He was two-years-old when he was diagnosed.
VIEIRA: Were their warning signs? Because as you said, this was a
child that was speaking words.
WRIGHT: Yes. Now that I look at some signs - and that's all on my
Website, autismspeaks.org - the early signs are something like, not
connecting with the eyes; the baby looks away from you. Or the baby is
not-there's not any social interaction with the mother; no joyous
expression. This is all on my Website because if we get this early - the
earlier we get it the better chances you have -
WALTERS: The earlier it's diagnosed.
WRIGHT: That's right, early detection.
STAR JONES REYNOLDS, co-host:
There have been reports that mercury found in vaccines, all
vaccinations that all the children get early on, maybe are contributing
factors of autism.
Now, of course, there's so much debate in the medical community a lot
of people disagree. Do doctors know what causes autism?
WRIGHT: We don't know what causes autism and that's partly why we
founded Autism Speaks because it's so - they don't have a voice out there.
There's so many groups involved in autism. We want to be the national voice.
And as far as the vaccine issue is concerned, there is no scientific
proof linking it and yet there's no scientific proof saying that it's not
part of this problem.
REYNOLDS: So you're suggesting that there should be more research?
WRIGHT: And the awareness that we're going to bring, then we get the
funds and then we give it to research and science.
ELISABETH HASSELBECK, co-host:
You speak of realizing this early and getting treatment early. Your
daughter Katie, like you said, is in our audience and she thought something
was going on with Christian.
WRIGHT: She did.
HASSELBECK: But her doctors told her to wait and she feels as though
that was a mistake because early intervention is crucial.
WRIGHT: We lost six months because the doctors told us 'don't worry,
he'll catch up.' A baby was born in between time, our little Mattias -
WALTERS: But how do you know? How do you know whether your child is
just a little delayed -
+ Complete transcript here:
http://www.autismspeaks.org/inthenews/view_suzanne_wright_transcript.php
. . .
COMMENTARY
Lenny Schafer
Editor
Schafer Autism Report
Special Education Judicial Benchmarks
The federal court ruling that Asperger syndrome is a disability, if it
stands, will easily double the number of students legally entitled to
special education services, at the least. Those students with Asperger
syndrome vastly outnumber those diagnosed with clinical autism currently in
special education programs. While difficult to predict the actual increase
in mandated costs, this would in all likelihood lead to the bankruptcy of a
number of school districts across the country. School districts going into
"receivership" means that the states must take over the management and costs
of the district until taxes can be raised or expenses slashed to restore
balanced budgets. The individual states across the country are already
having a difficult time maintaining current levels of services to the
disabled.
Could this be the beginning of the financial turning point we have
been expecting when the public starts to stand up and finally take notice of
the autism epidemic -- when it starts hitting their pocketbooks big time?
I can see the question being raised in State Capitols across the
country: "Where is all this autism coming from, anyway?" The reason why the
states will be asking this question in the first place is because the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other federal public health
agencies, whose jobs this is to ask, have not been asking. This autism
epidemic has been building for near 15 years and the CDC has done virtually
nothing about it but sit on their hands, except to promote after-the-fact
early intervention programs. I take that back. They are not sitting on
their hands, their hands are behind them, desperately trying to cover their
butts for causing the epidemic in the first place. This is well chronicled
in David Kirby's book "Evidence of Harm."
With each passing day it is becoming more obvious where the source of
the epidemic lies. More science continues to emerge that validates the
anecdotal observations of parents who claim their children became autistic
after being injected with vaccines containing mercury and a variety of other
toxins. More parents are seeing their children regain health after being
treated for heavy metal poisoning.
Pretty soon it won't just be parents of vaccine damaged children
clamoring, pleading, suing, and demonstrating for the truth to be told and
for justice to be done; it will be state governments trying to figure out
how they got stuck with the exploding autism bills for the fed's negligence
and cover-up, and as pay-offs to political supporters. Let's just see how
far CDC director Julie "Antoinette" Gerberding gets trying to peddle her
denial cake not just to pedestrian parents crying out for what has happened
to their children, but to howling state officials demanding answers. No,
this "French Revolution" will be lead by bleeding state governments who will
be kicking themselves for not removing mercury from their state vaccines
sooner. And maybe then it will finally dawn on them why the corrupted core
Republicans who have made repeated attempts, and have finally succeeded, in
sneaking in vaccine liability protection for their Pharma friends and
"supporters" - did so.
But you ain't seen nothin' yet. Just wait until China, Asia, Indonesia
and Africa figure out where their newly sprung autism epidemics are coming
from: the exported "perfectly safe" mercury vaccines the United States won't
give to our own children, just to be extra perfectly safe, but will give to
theirs.
It is too early to tell how much impact this ruling of Asperger's as a
disability will make. Our children should be supported through broad
legislation and not judicial activism, which is prone to reversal. But even
if it gets overturned, the explosion in autism and its respective costs are
not going away. No matter the legal definition of disability that becomes
policy, it remains that those with Asperger syndrome must have whatever
support required to help make them productive neighbors, and the obvious
place for that to happen is in the schools. Denying services to injured
children is not the place to solve the autism epidemic. Congress, the FDA
and the CDC need a good political scrubbing clean. Pharma needs to pony up
for their reckless profiteering, no matter their friends -- friends formerly
in high places not soon enough.
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. . .
We Have It Coming - Hoover Institute
By Dr. Henry I. Miller
http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id=020106D
Americans are about to learn the hard way about the unintended
consequences of over-regulation and flawed policy initiatives.
Vaccination to prevent viral and bacterial diseases is modern
medicine's most cost-effective intervention. Were a vaccine to be available
quickly after the onset of the widely predicted pandemic from an H5N1 strain
of avian influenza, it might save scores of millions of lives worldwide --
but that's not now feasible. Why can't a country that developed the atomic
bomb (60 years ago) and the polio vaccine (50 years ago) and put a man on
the moon (almost 40 years ago) now produce an appropriate vaccine?
The reason is that flawed public policy from the Congress and the
government's Executive Branch has ensured low return on investment and high
exposure to legal liability for vaccines. The predictable result: U.S.
vaccine R&D and production have been decimated.
What kinds of policies? The Vaccines for Children Program, for
example, was a do-gooder innovation of the Clinton administration (Hillary's
toe in the water for national health care, apparently) that disrupted market
forces and dealt a blow to vaccine producers. Established in 1994, it
created a single-buyer system for children's vaccines, making the government
by far the largest purchaser of childhood vaccines -- at a mandated discount
of 50 percent. Try extorting that kind of discount from manufacturers of
trucks for the U.S. Postal Service or of Meals-Ready-to-Eat (MREs) for the
Department of Defense, and see how long the companies bid on government
contracts.
Memo to Senator Clinton: It doesn't take a village, just good old
American ingenuity combined with the expectation of a decent return on
investment.
Arbitrary and excessive regulation is another obstacle. The highly
risk-averse FDA has been especially tough on vaccines. The agency has
rejected evidence of safety and efficacy from European and Canadian vaccine
approvals; prematurely withdrawn life-saving products from the market
because of mere perceptions of risk; and set the bar for the testing of new
vaccines almost impossibly high.
As a result of our disastrous public policy, innovation has suffered
and vaccine producers have abandoned the field in droves, leaving only four
major American manufacturers and a few dozen products. As of the last flu
season, there were only two producers of injectable flu vaccine for the U.S.
market, for example, both using antiquated technology.
That brings us to the issue of the hour: a pandemic of H5N1 avian flu.
We are woefully short of capacity to manufacture a vaccine against the
pandemic strain, which cannot actually begin until we have it in hand (and
have "reverse engineered" the virus to prevent it from killing the chicken
embryos in which it is grown). An optimistic estimate is that there is
sufficient flu vaccine capacity worldwide for approximately 450 million
people -- but that calculation assumes that two inoculations of 15
micrograms each would confer protection, whereas in a recent trial (of a
vaccine against the current H5N1 strain) two doses of 90 micrograms were
required. Other things being equal, that suggests that the true capacity
might be closer to enough for only 75 million people.
(The world's population is over six billion.)
Another worry is that when a pandemic strain of H5N1 avian flu
appears, virtually all of the world's flu-vaccine-development and production
capacity will shift to producing a vaccine against it, which will leave us
vulnerable to the non-pandemic strain(s) that causes the usual annual, or
seasonal, flu. The annual flu bug kills, on average, 30,000-40,000 Americans
each year -- even when we have an effective, widely used vaccine. As Anthony
Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, has observed, "The biggest challenge unequivocally is vaccine
production capacity."
+ Full commentary here:
http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id=020106D
. . .
SPECIAL
Autism Projects in Memory of Liz Birt
Liz Birt dedicated a large part of her life to expanding services,
treatments, and research for people with autism. The list at this link
http://www.sarnet.org/lib/lizb.htm is comprised of projects in which Liz had
a special interest and which reflect her priorities in the field of autism.
All donations are being made to 501 c 3 non-profit organizations and are
fully tax deductible. 100% of all donations will be applied to the described
programs.
Public Service Announcement to the Reader:
AUTISM IS TREATABLE. Consult these sources:
. Autism Research Institute
http://www.autismwebsite.com/ari/index.htm
. Generation Rescue http://www.generationrescue.org
COPYRIGHT NOTICE: The above items are copyright protected. They are for our
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_______________________________________________________________________
Lenny Schafer, Editor edit@... Teresa Conrick Edward Decelie
Richard Miles